Bonds and structures

Electron

A negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom.

Energy levels (shells)

Regions around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are likely to be found.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer shell.

Diatomic Molecule

A molecule composed of two atoms, such as O₂, formed by the sharing of electrons.

Molecular Model

A 3D representation of a molecule used to visualize its structure and the arrangement of atoms.

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in attraction between charged ions.

Hydrogen Molecule (H₂)

Formed by the covalent bond between two hydrogen atoms.

Water (H₂O) Structure

Formed by the covalent bonding of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, resulting in a bent structure.

Carbon's Versatility

Carbon can form a variety of structures including chains, rings, and four covalent bonds, leading to diverse organic compounds.

Fullerenes

Allotropes of carbon known for their unique properties and structures, expanding the understanding of carbon.

Giant Ionic Structure

A lattice structure formed by the ionic bonding of positively and negatively charged ions, e.g., sodium chloride (NaCl).

Giant Covalent Structure

Structures like diamond and quartz where atoms are bonded in a continuous network.

Methane (CH₄) Structure

Formed by one carbon atom covalently bonded to four hydrogen atoms, creating a tetrahedral shape.

Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

An example of ionic bonding between sodium ions (Na⁺) and chloride ions (Cl⁻).

Molecular Behavior

Molecular models help predict behavior, reactivity, and properties of molecules in chemical research.