Latin America

Peninsulares

people born on the Iberian Peninsula

Creoles

kids of Peninsulares

Mestizos

Native and European descent

Mulattoes

African and European descent

Toussaint L'Ouverture

* took control of a slave revolt against the French
* Eventually defeated armies of three foreign powers to earn independence (Spain, France, GB)
* known as “Father of Haiti”

Result of Haitian revolt

* Haiti gained independence
* but its economy was ruined as it had to pay indemnities and no one would trade with them
* had to take massive loans from American, German, and French banks

Simon Bolivar

* led a revolt in Venezuela during the Napoleonic wars (1810)
* Creole, rich but not good military leader
* gained independence for Gran Colombia and Peru
* mostly liberal but believed in lifelong presidency
* Nicknamed “The Liberator”

Gran Colombia

Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador

**Jose Francisco de San Martin**

* Creole but educated in Spain, good military leader
* Was fighting it the Napoleonic wars when for Spain when the revolutions began
* Came to S. America and fought against the Spanish
* Declared independence for Argentina and Chile (influenced Paraguay and Peru)
* wanted to set up absolute monarchies in S.A.
* Went back to Europe after meeting with Bolivar

**Dom Pedro**

* Ruled Brazil while his parents left to rule Portugal
* gave the people independence after they asked for it
* liberal for his position but rejected a constitution
* declared Emperor Pedro I, stepped down because of clashed between liberals and conservatives

Hidalgo

* Creole, Catholic Priest, not very good military leader
* Gives the Grito de Dolores, sparking the revolution
* Started the Mexican Independence Movement
* Most people revolting were Native or of Native descent
* Very liberal, actually cared about poor people

When/Why do revolutions break out in South America

During the Napoleonic wars, specifically the Peninsular war that happened because Napoleon put his brother on Spain’s throne. The people of S.A. revolted while Spain was busy with Napoleon so they didn’t fight back as much.

**Morelos**

* Mestizo, lower class but educated in enlightenment ideas
* Very liberal, advocated for political AND social revolution
* Took over after Hidalgo was executed
* More effective army than Hidalgo
* Briefly set up liberal congress; “Servant of the Nation”

**Iturbide**

* Creole, formerly fought for Spanish
* Conservative, Only joined the revolution out of fear of losing privileges


* Proclaimed himself Emperor Augustin I but was chased away, was executed when he tried to come back
* Made 3 guarantees, 1. Mexico would be independent monarchy, 2. Creoles would have equal rights with Peninsulares, 3. Catholic Church would retain privileges

Only two Latin America countries under European rule by 1824

Cuba and Puerto Rico

Monroe Doctrine

Written in the US warning Europe to not colonize the Americas

Iturbide’s 3 Guarantees

1. Mexico would be independent monarchy
2.  Creoles would have equal rights with Peninsulares
3.  Catholic Church would retain privileges 

San Martin Freed

Argentina and Chile

Bolivar Freed

Gran Colombia and Peru

Dom Pedro Freed

Brazil