INB 446L Exam 2

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering neuroanatomy, autonomic pathways, cranial nerve functions, sensory tracts, and ocular/auditory histology for INB 446L Exam 2.

Astrocytes

Glial cells normally located near blood vessels that act to support neurons.

Perineurium

Connective tissue sheath that encloses a bundle of nerve fibers (fascicle).

Sensory Neurons (Relative Abundance)

The exception among true statements about neurons, as sensory neurons are not the most common type.

Oligodendrocytes (Cerebral Cortex)

Glial cells responsible for secreting the myelin sheath surrounding neurons in the cerebral cortex.

Endoneurium

Connective tissue sheath that encloses a single individual nerve fiber.

Knee Jerk Reflex (Cell Body Locations)

Spinal nerve reflex where sensory input cell bodies reside in the spinal ganglion and motor cell bodies reside in the anterior (ventral) horn of the spinal cord.

Spinal Nerves

Peripheral nerves that contain the processes of both sensory and motor neurons.

Frontal Lobe Speech Deficit

Area of cerebral damage causing speech that is limited, not fluent, hard to understand, and restricted to small words and phrases.

Afferent Fibers (Sensory Transmission)

Fibers that carry sensory information from the PNS to the CNS (not efferent fibers).

Lower Motor Neuron Injury

Neurological injury characteristically associated with a loss of muscle tone.

Ataxia

A motor deficit resulting in errors in the sequence and speed of components of a movement, indicating injury to the cerebellum.

Direction of Movement (Cerebellar Role)

An action not facilitated by the cerebellum, representing an exception to cerebellar motor facilitation.

Postcentral Gyrus Lesion (Right Hemisphere)

Stroke outcome causing sensory impairment on the contralateral (opposite) side of the body.

Precentral Gyrus Lesion (Left Hemisphere)

Stroke outcome causing motor impairment on the contralateral (opposite) side of the body.

Thoracic Pain Pathway Neurons

Neurons associated with pain sensation whose axons are injured in thoracic spinal cord trauma, having cell bodies in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

Trigeminal Ganglion

Location of the primary sensory neuron cell bodies whose nerve fibers form the facial branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V).

Fast Pain

Type of pain that travels to the postcentral gyrus, is precisely located, and has its intensity measured.

Dorsal Column Fiber Tract

Ascending fiber tract consisting of axons of neurons whose cell bodies are located in the spinal ganglion.

Norepinephrine (Sympathetic Cardiac Neurotransmitter)

Neurotransmitter utilized by postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers that synapse with adrenergic receptors in cardiac muscle.

Long Postganglionic Fibers

Fiber length associated with parasympathetic nerves in Quizlet item 20.

Short Postganglionic Fibers

Fiber length associated with parasympathetic nerves in Quizlet item 21.

Limbic System

Brain system playing a critical role in learning and memory functions.

Cranial Nerve V (CN V Motor Function)

Cranial nerve providing motor innervation to the muscles of mastication (chewing).

Cranial Nerve XI (CN XI Motor Function)

Cranial nerve providing motor innervation to muscles in the neck.

Cranial Nerve VII (CN VII Secretomotor Function)

Cranial nerve providing secretomotor innervation to the lacrimal gland for tear production.

Cranial Nerve XII (CN XII Motor Function)

Cranial nerve associated with motor movement of the tongue.

Cranial Nerve V (CN V Sensory Function)

Cranial nerve providing sensory innervation from the skin on the nose and cheek.

Right Visual Field Pathway

Visual field whose fibers normally travel in both the left and right optic nerves.

Bipolar Neurons (Retina)

Retinal neurons having dendrites that connect to rods and axons that connect to ganglion cells.

Sphincter Pupillae Motor Innervation

Motor innervation received from postganglionic parasympathetic fibers of Cranial Nerve III (CN III).

Lacrimal Gland

Gland located superolaterally in the orbit that drains tears via a duct into the nasal cavity.

Sclera

Eyeball structure composed of dense connective tissue with Type I collagen.

Endolymph and Perilymph (Cochlear Fluid Distribution)

Inner ear fluid organization where endolymph is located in the cochlear duct and perilymph is located in the scala tympani.

Basilar Membrane (Basal Membrane)

Inner ear membrane supporting the hair cells of the spiral organ (organ of Corti), situated between the cochlear duct and scala tympani.

Malleus

Auditory ossicle that attaches directly to the tympanic membrane.

Macrophage

Connective tissue cell type responsible for phagocytizing bacteria associated with an infection around a piercing stud.

Fibroblasts

Connective tissue cells that produce the fibers that strengthen swollen tissue.

Multipolar Neuron

Structural classification of an efferent motor neuron that innervates a pierced muscle.

Sublingual Epithelium

Epithelium of elevated sublingual tissue classified as non-keratinized stratified squamous.

Dendrites (Receptive Pain Fibers)

Neuronal component that forms the receptive pain fibers located around a stud in the arm.

Lamina Propria (Piercing Site)

Connective tissue layer immediately adjacent to the epithelium affected by a piercing stud, classified as loose connective tissue.

Cranial Nerve XII (Pierced Muscle Innervation)

Cranial nerve that supplies motor innervation to tongue muscle tissue pierced by a stud.

Simple Epithelium (Aortic Valve Lining)

Type of epithelium lining an aortic valve that was stenosed in childhood.

Cranial Nerve V (Pierced Muscle Pain Transmission)

Cranial nerve conveying pain sensation to the brain from muscle tissue immediately adjacent to a piercing stud.

Microglia

CNS glial cells that could be found responding adjacent to a wound caused by piercing.

Post-Synaptic Membrane

Component of a synapse that is structurally part of a dendrite.

Unipolar / Pseudounipolar Neuron

Morphological classification typically exhibited by sensory neurons.

Oligodendrocytes (CNS Myelination)

Glial cells in the central nervous system that surround neurons with a myelin sheath.

Occipital Lobe

Lobe of the cerebral cortex that serves as the location for processing visual information.

Brainstem Reflexes

Integrated reflexive circuits of the brainstem characterized by all listed answer options.

Afferent Impulses

Nerve impulses specifically associated with incoming sensory innervation.

Precentral Gyrus (Motor Action Origin)

Cortical location housing the cell bodies of motor neurons that originate voluntary motor action.

Basal Ganglia

Cerebral cortical structure consisting of strongly interconnected nuclei that influence motor function via feedback to the cortex.

Corticospinal Tract

Descending nerve fiber tract primarily associated with motor innervation.

Primary Sensory Neuron Cell Body

The first-order cell body in a somatic sensory pathway, located in the spinal ganglion.

Postcentral Gyrus (Tertiary Synapse)

Cerebral cortical location where the tertiary neuron of the somatic sensory pathway terminates and synapses.

Dorsal Column (Posterior Funiculus)

Spinal cord pathway through which tactile sensation travels to the brain.

Cranial Nerve X (CN X Autonomic Component)

Cranial nerve containing an extensive parasympathetic functional component.

Preganglionic Sympathetic Neuron Cell Bodies

Cell bodies located in the spinal cord between segments T1 and L2.

Increased Vasoconstriction

Vascular physiological response resulting from increased sympathetic innervation.

Malleus (Tympanic Ossicle)

The auditory ossicle that attaches directly to the tympanic membrane.

Cranial Nerve XI (CN XI Sole Motor Role)

Cranial nerve that functions solely as a motor nerve to two muscles in the neck.

Cranial Nerve VII (CN VII Facial Expression)

Cranial nerve providing motor innervation to the muscles that produce a smile.

Pupillary Dilation

Physiological expansion of the pupil produced by post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves.

Lacrimal Gland Drainage Pathway

Glandular system located superolaterally in the orbit that drains tears via a duct into the nasal cavity.

Choroid

Intermediate region/coat of the eyeball that is highly vascular.

Sensory / Afferent Neuron Cell Body Location

Cell bodies located in the spinal (dorsal root) ganglion.

Motor / Efferent Neuron Cell Body Location

Cell bodies located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

Upper Motor Neuron (UMN) Cell Body Origin

Motor neurons whose cell bodies originate in the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex.

Lower Motor Neuron (LMN) Cell Body Origin

Motor neurons whose cell bodies originate in the brainstem or ventral horn of the spinal cord.

Primary Sensory Pathway Cell Body Location

First-order sensory neuron cell bodies located in the spinal dorsal root ganglion on the same side as the sensation.

Secondary Sensory Pathway Cell Body Location

Second-order neuron cell bodies located on the same side as sensation: in the dorsal horn for pain/temperature, and in the medulla oblongata for tactile sensation/proprioception.

Tertiary Sensory Pathway Cell Body Location

Third-order sensory neuron cell bodies located in the thalamus on the opposite side of sensation.

Dorsal Column Fiber Modalities

Sensory tract that carries ascending nerve fibers mediating tactile sensation and proprioception.

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract Modalities

Ascending fiber tract that carries modalities of pain and temperature.

Spinothalamic Tract Axon Origin

Ascending sensory tract composed of axons originating from secondary neurons.

Dorsal Column Axon Origin

Ascending sensory tract composed of axons originating from primary neurons.

Autonomic Nervous System (Preganglionic Cell Bodies)

Preganglionic cell bodies of the ANS located within the spinal cord or brainstem.

Autonomic Nervous System (Postganglionic Cell Bodies)

Postganglionic cell bodies of the ANS located within autonomic ganglia.

Sympathetic Nervous System (Preganglionic Cell Bodies)

Preganglionic cell bodies of the SNS located specifically in the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord.

Sympathetic Nervous System (Postganglionic Cell Bodies)

Postganglionic cell bodies of the SNS located in the brained spinal cord.

Sympathetic Nervous System Architecture

Autonomic division characterized by short preganglionic fibers, long postganglionic fibers, ACh as preganglionic neurotransmitter, and NE or ACh as postganglionic neurotransmitter.

Parasympathetic Nervous System Architecture

Autonomic division characterized by long preganglionic fibers, short postganglionic fibers, ACh as preganglionic neurotransmitter, and ACh as postganglionic neurotransmitter.

Cranial Nerve Sensory Cell Bodies

Primary sensory neuron cell bodies of cranial nerves located in sensory ganglia near the brain.

Cranial Nerve Motor Cell Bodies

Motor neuron cell bodies of cranial nerves located within the brainstem.

Endolymph Location

Specialized inner ear fluid located in the membranous labyrinth (cochlear duct).

Perilymph Location

Specialized inner ear fluid located in the bony labyrinth (scala vestibuli and scala tympani).

Choroid Collagen Type

The specific collagen type found in the choroid, identified as Type 3 collagen.

Lens (Collagen Type and Epithelium)

Ocular structure composed of Type 4 collagen and lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium.