Foundation 8: Individuals and Society

Self-concept

How someone things about/perceives/evaluates themselves aka Self-identity

Self-concept has two parts:

Existential self and categorical self

What is the existential self?

Sense of being separate and distinct from others

What is the categorical self

When you become aware that even though we’re separate and distinct beings, we also exist in the world with others

What 3 components did Carl Rogers believe were part of self-concept?

Self-image, self-esteem/worth, and ideal self

What is the ideal self

What we wish/aspire to be

The Social Identity theory states that self-concept can be developed further into…

Personal identity and social identity

What is personal identity

Things unique to each person like personality traits

Social identity

The groups you belong too in your community

What does Freud’s psychosexual theory state

Early childhood was the most important period in which personalities develop, separated into 5 stages

What does Erikson’s psychosocial development theory state

Proposed that personality/identity development occurs through one’s entire lifespan, each stage is overcoming a conflict (8 stages)

What does Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Development Theory state

Believed children learn actively through hands-on processes, and suggests parents/caregivers/culture/language and other factors are all responsible for higher-order learning

What are the stages of Freud’s Psychosexual Development Theory?

Oral Stage (0-1)

Anal Stage (1-3)

Phallic Stage (3-6)

Latent Period (6-puberty)

Genital Stage (puberty to adulthood)

What are the stages of Erikson’s Psychosocial Development?

Trust vs Mistrust (0-1)

• Virtue is hope

Autonomy vs Shame (1-3)

• Virtue is will (independence)

Initiative vs Guilt (3-6)

• Virtue is sense of purpose

Industry vs Inferiority (6-12)

• Virtue is greater significance of self-esteen

Identity vs Role Confusion (12-20)

• Virtue is fidelity (seeing oneself as unique)

Intimacy vs Isolation (20-40)

• Virtue is comfortable relations and love

Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65)

• Virtue is developing a sense of care for others

Integrity vs Despair

• Virtue is wisdom, look back on life with closure and completeness

According to Vygotsky what are the 4 elementary functions that babies have?

Attention, sensation, perception, and memory

According to Vygotsky, how do children development higher mental functions?

Interaction with more knowledgeable other

Zone of proximal development

Language

What is the zone of proximal development

Link between the zone of what a child can do by themselves and what they can’t do

What is Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

Looks at how people develop their morals and how moral reasoning changes as people grow up

What is the first stage of Kohlberg’s Moral Development

Pre-conventional

1. Obedience vs Punishment: Want to avoid punishment

2. Do whatever is right for personal gain

What is the second stage of Kohlberg’s Moral Development

Conventional

1. Authority is internalized and not questioned

2. Follow rules as they are the law

What is the third stage of Kohlberg’s Moral Development

Post-Conventional

• Sometimes law works against interest of others

• People develop their own set of moral guidelines which may or may not fit the law

Ethnography

Study of particular people and places

Ambivalent attachment style

When the parent leaves, the child panics, and they cling to the parent while acting angry or resistant upon return.

Avoidant attachment style

When the parent leaves, the child acts indifferent, and they actively ignore or avoid the parent upon return.

Disorganized attachment style

When the parent leaves, the child shows fear, and they display bizarre, conflicted reactions when the parent returns.

Evolutionary Game Theory

Tells use those with best fit to environment will survive and pass on to offspring

what is the difference between evolutionary game theory and game theory

Game theory involves intention

Evolutionary game theory has decisions which might not have a conscious intention