Exam #3: Consciousness, Memory, & Intelligence

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.

a) associative learning

b) observational learning

c) operant conditioning

d) classical conditioning

d) classical conditioning

What is consciousness?

Awareness of self, emotions, body, thoughts, & it's content

What is control attention?

the increasing ability to tune into certain stimuli, while tuning out others

What is shift attention?

Our ability to shift our attention to some stimuli.

What is intentionality when it comes to consciousness?

We can intentionally focus on something, but can be easily changed

Cognitive psychology is the study of ______

a) human development

b) human thinking

c) human behavior

d) human society

b) human thinking

Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team?

a) the equipment manager

b) the scorekeeper

c) the team captain

d) the quietest member of the team

c) the team captain

Which of the following is an example of an artificial concept?

a) mammals

b) a triangle's area

c) gemstones

d) teachers

b) a triangle's area

________ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences.

a) Linguisitic determinsim

b) Lexicon

c) Semantics

d) Syntax

d) Syntax

______ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning

a) Lexicon

b) Phonemes

c) Morphemes

d) Syntax

c) Morphemes

The meaning of words and phrases is determined by applying the rules of _____.

a) lexicon

b) phonemes

c) overgeneralization

d) semantics

d) semantics

______ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language.

a) Syntax

b) Phonemes

c) morphemes

d) Grammar

b) phonemes

A specific formula for solving a problem is called _______.

a) an algorithm

b) a heuristic

c) a mental set

d) trial and error

a) an algorithm

A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called _______

a) an algorithm

b) a heuristic

c) a mental set

d) trial and error

b) a heuristic

Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?

a) anchoring bias

b) confirmation bias

c) representative bias

d) availability bias

a) anchoring bias

Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision?

a) anchoring bias

b) confirmation bias

c) representative bias

d) availability bias

c) representative bias

Fluid intelligence is characterized by _______.

a) being able to recall information

b) being able to create new products

c) being able to understand and communicate with different cultures

d) being able to see complex relationships and solve problems

d) being able to see complex relationships and solve problems

Which of the following is not one of Gardner's Multiple Intelligences?

a) creative

b) spatial

c) linguistic

d) musical

b) spatial

Which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?

a) Goleman

b) Gardner

c) Sternberg

d) Steitz

c) Sternberg

When you are examining data to look for trends, which type of intelligence are you using most?

a) practical

b) analytical

c) emotional

d) creative

b) analytical

In order for a test to be normed and standardized it must be tested on ________.

a) a group of same-age peers

b) a representative sample

c) children with mental disabilities

d) children on average intelligence

b) a representative sample

The mean score for a person with an average IQ is ________.

a) 70

b) 130

c) 85

d) 100

d) 100

Who developed the IQ test most widely used today?

a) Sir Francis Galton

b) Alfred Binet

c) Louis Terman

d) David Wechsler

d) David Wechsler

The DSM-5 now uses ______ as a diagnostic label for what was once referred to as mental disabilities.

a) autism and developmental disabilities

b) lowered intelligence

c) intellectual disability

d) cognitive disability

c) intellectual disability

Where does high intelligence come from?

a) genetics

b) environment

c) both A and B

d) neither A nor B

c) both A and B

Arthur Jensen believed that ________.

a. genetics was solely responsible for

intelligence

b. environment was solely responsible for

intelligence

c. intelligence level was determined by race

d. IQ tests do not take socioeconomic status into account

a. genetics was solely responsible for

intelligence

What is a learning disability?

a) a developmental disorder

b) a neurological disorder

c) an emotional disorder

d) an intellectual disorder

b) a neurological disorder

Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?

a) child riding a bike

b) teen socializing

c) infant sucking on a nipple

d) toddler walking

c) infant sucking on a nipple

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.

a) is innate

b) occurs as a result of experience

c) is found only in humans

d) occurs by observing others

b) occurs as a result of experience?

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n) ________.

a) unconditioned stimulus

b) neutral stimulus

c) conditioned stimulus

d) unconditioned response

b) neutral stimulus

The body's biological clock is located in the _____.

a) hippocampus

b) thalamus

c) hypothalamus

d) pituitary gland

c) hypothalamus

________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep

a) jet lag

b) rotating shift work

c) circadian rhythm

d) sleep debt

d) sleep debt

____ cycles occur roughly every 24 hours.

a) biological

b) circadian

c) rotating

d) conscious

b) circadian

_______ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks.

a) light-dark exposure

b) coffee consumption

c) alcohol consumption

d) napping

a) light-dark exposure

Growth hormone is secreted by the _____ while we sleep.

a) pineal gland

b) thyroid

c) pituitary gland

d) pancreas

c) pituitary gland

The _____ plays a role in controlling slow-wave sleep

a) hypothalamus

b) thalamus

c) pons

d) both a and b

d) both a and b

________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function.

a) growth hormone

b) melatonin

c) LH

d) FSH

b) melatonin

________ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.

a) melatonin

b) slow-wave sleep

c) sleep deprivation

d) growth hormone

b) slow-wave sleep

_____ is (are) described as slow-wave sleep.

a) stage 1

b) stage 2

c) stage 3 & 4

d) REM sleep

c) stage 3 (& stage 4)

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ____ sleep.

a) stage 1

b) stage 2

c) stage 3 and stage 4

d) REM

b) stage 2

Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation.

a) schizophrenia

b) Parkinson's disease

c) depression

d) generalized anxiety disorder

c) depression

______ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy.

a) RBD

b) CPAP

c) cataplexy

d) insomnia

c) cataplexy

An individual may suffer from ____ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing.

a) central sleep apnea

b) obstructive sleep apnea

c) narcolepsy

d) SIDS

a) central sleep apnea

The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications.

a) sleep apnea

b) RBD

c) SIDS

d) narcolepsy

d) narcolepsy

________ is another word for sleepwalking.

a) insomnia

b) somnambulism

c) cataplexy

d) narcolepsy

b) somnambulism

_______ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.

a) withdrawal

b) psychological dependence

c) tolerance

d) reuptake

c) tolerance

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of ___.

A. GABA

B. glutamate

C. acetylcholine

D. dopamine

D. dopamine

________ refers to drug craving.

a) psychological dependence

b) antagonism

c) agonism

d) physical dependence

a) psychological dependence

______ is most effective in individuals that are very open on the power of suggestion.

a) hypnosis

b) meditation

c) mindful awareness

d) cognitive therapy

a) hypnosis

Meditation may be helpful in ________.

a. pain management

b. stress control

c. treating the flu

d. both a and b

d) both a and b

What is an example of a biological rhythm?

A woman's menstrual cycle

______ is associated with lower body temperatures

sleepiness

What is a circadian rhythm?

biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours.

What is homeostasis?

tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

Where does homeostasis occur in the brain?

hypothalamus

What structure in the brain releases melatonin?

pineal gland

What is transcience?

forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

What is a meta-analysis?

A study that combines the results of many related studies.

What portion of the brain is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?

the pons

What hormones are secreted out of the pituitary gland?

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing hormone (LH) -- important for regulating reproductive system

What are the consequences of sleep deprivation?

• Lead to insomnia, nightmares, mood disorders (depression, conduct disorder, anxiety), and falling asleep while driving; also you don't think as well

What brain wave activity is dominant while we are awake?

beta waves

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream

What is non-REM (NREM) sleep?

3 subdivided stages which sleep begins to deepen.

Stage 1 sleep

transitional phases that slows down our respiration and heartbeat rate. Produces alpha & theta waves

Stage 2 sleep

A deeper state of relaxation with bursts of sleep spindles & K-complex.

What is a sleep spindle?

burst of brain activity thought to support learning and memory

What is K-complex?

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environment stimuli

Stage 3 sleep

Referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep characterized by delta waves.

REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

What was Freud's idea of the manifest content of dreams?

the content or storyline of a dream

What was Freud's idea of the latent content of dreams?

the hidden meaning of a dream.

What is a lucid dream?

the dreamer is aware of the dream and can influence the story

What are the 3 theories of why we dream?

Freudian Psychodynamic theory, activation synthesis theory, & information processing.

What is Freudian Psychodynamic theory?

The idea that our dreams represented hidden meanings besides the actual story being told

What is the activation synthesis theory?

the belief that dreams are the product of the brain trying to make sense of random neural activity

What is insomnia?

the difficulty for an individual to fall asleep or stay asleep

What is parasomnias?

sleepwalking, sleep terrors, sleep talking, nightmares, broxism, enuresis

What is sleepwalking?

A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of walking or performing other actions during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM sleep

What is REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

muscle paralysis associated with REM sleep doesn't occur resulting in high levels of physical activity (kicking, scratching, yelling)

What is restless leg syndrome?

Cannot lie still, unpleasant creeping, crawling or tingling sensations in the legs

What is night terrors?

sense of panic in individual accompanied by screams and attempts to escape

Sleep apnea

A disorder in which the person stops breathing in episodes of 10-20 seconds

Obstructive sleep apnea

individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep that prevents air from entering the lungs

Central sleep apnea

disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing

What can improve sleep apnea?

A continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) that keeps airways open

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

infant stops breathing during sleep and dies

Narcolepsy

uncontrollable sleep attacks, person randomly collapses into REM sleep

Cataplexy

Lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness that is associated with narcolepsy

Physical dependence

condition occurring when a person's body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug

Psychological dependence

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

Tolerance

A progressive decrease in a person's responsiveness to a drug. (needs more to have same effect)

Withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

Stimulants

Drugs that speed up the central nervous system

Depressants

suppress central nervous system activity

Opiates

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Hallucinogens

Drugs that alter moods, thoughts, and sense perceptions including vision, hearing, smell, and touch

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction

Hypnosis

state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

What are the theories of how hypnosis works

dissociated state of consciousness, performance of a social role