OAE Primary Education Study

Phonology

The sound system of a language, including recognizing and producing speech sounds.

Phonemic awareness

The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words.

Phonological awareness

The broader ability to recognize and work with sounds in spoken language, such as rhyming and syllables.

Morphology

The study of meaningful word parts.

Syntax

Rules for arranging words into sentences.

Semantics

The meaning of words and sentences.

Pragmatics

Using language appropriately in social situations.

Receptive language

What a child understands.

Expressive language

What a child communicates.

Listening

Understanding spoken information.

Speaking

Expressing thoughts verbally.

Literal comprehension

Finding information directly stated in a text.

Inferential comprehension

Using clues and background knowledge to determine something not directly stated.

Evaluative comprehension

Making judgments about information, arguments, or the author's choices.

Narrative writing

Writing that tells a story, including characters, setting, plot, conflict, and resolution.

Informative/explanatory writing

Writing that explains a topic using facts and details.

Opinion writing

Writing that states an opinion and supports it with reasons and evidence.

Persuasive writing

Writing that attempts to convince an audience to accept a position or take action.

Prewriting

The first step in the writing process where ideas are brainstormed and organized.

Drafting

The second step in the writing process where the first version is written.

Revising

The third step in the writing process that involves improving ideas, organization, and clarity.

Editing

The fourth step in the writing process that corrects grammar, spelling, and punctuation.

Publishing

The final step in the writing process where the finished work is shared.

Declarative sentence

A sentence that makes a statement.

Interrogative sentence

A sentence that asks a question.

Imperative sentence

A sentence that gives a command or request.

Exclamatory sentence

A sentence that expresses strong emotion.

Graphic organizers

Visual tools that help organize thoughts and information.

Qualitative data

Descriptive information, such as observations.

Quantitative data

Numerical information, such as measurements.

Independent variable

The variable that is changed or manipulated in an experiment.

Dependent variable

The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment.

Controlled variables

Variables that are kept constant to ensure a fair test.

Experimental group

The group that receives the treatment being tested in an experiment.

Control group

The group that does not receive the treatment, used for comparison.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen.

Ecosystem

A community of living and nonliving things interacting with each other.

Biotic factors

Living components of an ecosystem, such as plants and animals.

Abiotic factors

Nonliving components of an ecosystem, such as water and sunlight.

Scarcity

The concept of limited resources compared to unlimited wants.

Supply

The amount of a good or service available for consumer use.

Demand

The amount of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase.

Civic participation

Involvement in community and governmental activities, such as voting.

Primary source

Original evidence created during the time being studied.

Secondary source

Later interpretations or analyses of past events.

Rotation

The spinning of Earth on its axis, causing day and night.

Revolution

The orbit of Earth around the Sun, causing seasonal patterns.

Energy forms

Different types of energy, including light, sound, thermal, electrical, chemical, and mechanical.

Art and music instruction

Educational practices that provide opportunities for students to create, perform, respond, and reflect.