exercise testing and rx test 1 5-8

chapter 5

MUSCULAR FITNESS ASSESSMENT

A 65-year-old man completes 5 repetitions at 155 pounds

on the leg press machine. Calculate 1RM

HAND DYNAMOMETRY

• Reliable predictor of physical function and mortality

• Adequate handgrip strength represents the muscles of the forearm and has been associated

with lower mortality reduced risk of falling, and the ability to do ADLs

• Low level of muscular strength in late adolescence, as measured by knee extension and

handgrip strength tests, was associated with all-cause premature mortality to a similar extent as

classic risk factors such as body mass index or blood pressure indicating the need for strength

assessment in adolescents

• Strongly correlated with total muscle strength (r = 0.736–0.890), suggesting that grip strength

could be used as a general indicator for overall muscle strength.

• Handgrip strength (r = 0.60) is related to muscle mass in older adults, and others have found

higher correlations

Association Between Push-up Exercise Capacity anc Future Cardiovascular Events Among Active Adult Men

Findings This longitudinal cohort study of 1104 occupationally active adult men found a significant negative association between baseline push-up capacity and incident cardiovascular disease risk across 10 years of follow-up. Participants able to complete more than 40 push-ups were associated with a significant reduction in incident cardiovascular disease event risk compared with those completing fewer than 10 push-ups.

WHY MUSCULAR POWER?

Highly correlated to dynamic tasks (r = 0.68 vertical jump)

• Better predictor of functional tasks in elderly populations

than strength

• Highest rate of decline in elderly populations (thus, needs

to be trained)

ISOKINETIC

TESTING

OTHER STRENGTH/POWER TESTS

CHAPTER 6

BODY COMPOSITION

Lifespan of average in US

76 Thus, detection and monitoring IS essential

BODY COMPOSITION MODELS – TWO

COMPARTMENT MODEL

Partitions total body mass into fat mass (FM) and fat-

free-mass (FFM)

TWO COMPARTMENT MODEL limited by what

assumptions that water and mineral contents of

the body remain constant throughout life and between all individuals and

that the density of FFM

FFM composition is known to be altered by

age, sex, pregnancy,

weight loss/gain, race/ethnic differences, and some states of disease (e.g.,

osteoporosis, sarcopenia) and different in highly trained athletes)

Three compartment model

Partitions total body mass into fat mass (FM) and

fat-free-mass (FFM). However, FFM is partitioned further into total body water

(TBW) and dry FFM

The four-compartment (4C) model

partitions body mass into FM, TBW, bone

mineral density (BMD), and the residual dry FFM. Thus, the addition of BMD (via

DXA) is added to the 3C model. In addition, 4C models often serve as the

criterion model for body composition measurement in validation studies

METHODS OF

ASSESSMENT

height, weight

other measurements

BMI, WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE, HIP CIRCUMFERENCE, UNDERWATER WEIGHING, SKINFOLD, BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS, AIR DISPLACEMENT PLETHYSMOGRAPHY (BOD POD), ULTRASOUND, DUAL-ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY (DXA)

BMI =

body mass / height squared; kg / m²

Hip circumference is inversely related to

CVD, diabetes, and mortality

waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) substantially increased risk of metabolic complications” as follows

≥0.90 (men) and

≥0.85 (women)

Is BIA Accurate?

BOD POD DISADVANTAGE

they break and malfunction often!

ULTRASOUND

measures tissue thickness and is viable, accurate and reliable

ULTRASOUND Disadvantage

skill of practitioner

DXA

Criterion measure, easy, comfortable, accurate

CHAPTER 7 –

FLEXIBILITY

AND FUNCTIONAL

MOVEMENT ASSESSMENT

can be misleading if

performed without standard procedures, calibration, and instruments

measurements of FLEXIBILITY

In order for a specific joint ROM to be compared with available norms,

standardized landmarks for each measurement should be identified and used

whenever possible

t/f resistance training increases ROM

t

proximal stability drives

distal mobility

GONIOMETER

• portable, relatively easy to use, and inexpensive

• highly reproducible

• One arm remains fixed to the proximal articulating segment

• The center of the protractor remains fixed at the joint’s axis of rotation.

LIMITATIONS of GONIOMETER

stabilizing moving

segments and visually determining a vertical axis; however, higher validity

and reliability are demonstrated when proper procedures are followed.

know the names of different poses

from ch 7