Metabolism

What is Anabolism?

What is a Catabolism?

Anabolism: synthesis of large molecules from small ones

(example: synthesis of proteins from amino acids)

Catabolism: hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones

(example: breakdown of proteins into amino acids)

(Cats break down stuff)

What is cellular respiration?

For this process to work it needs what essential element? and what compound element will be released after this process?

Cellular respiration: How cells use energy from glucose. How its going to harvest the glucose molecule to turn into ATP Energy. Catabolic breakdown of food fuels whereby energy from food is captured to form ATP in cells

• Goal of cellular respiration is to trap chemical energy in ATP

REQUIRES OXYGEN TO RELEASE CO2

what is Phosphorylation?

Adding a phosphate group onto a molecule once given it can have the potential to create energy.

Metabolism definition:

The sum of ALL biochemical reaction of a cell.

Anabolism and Catabolism has

Three stages in processing nutrients name them and explain:

Stage 1: [GI tract] Digestion, absorption and transport to tissue sending the building blocks (ex: monosaccharide)

Stage 2: [TISSUES / CELLS] Cellular processing (in cytoplasm)

• Synthesis of lipids, proteins, and glycogen, or

• Catabolism (glycolysis) into pyruvic acid and acetyl CoA

Stage 3: [MITOCHONDRIA] Oxidative breakdown of intermediates into CO2, water, and ATP

Two important co-enzymes act as energy carriers in oxidative pathway are?

NAD+ and FAD

What are 2 mechanisms that are used to Synthesis ATP? (to make ATP)

• Substrate-level phosphorylation

• Oxidative phosphorylation

• What is the Synthesis ATP process do in Substrate-level Phosphorylation?

• Where does it happen?

• How efficient can it be? Can you make a bunch of it?

• A high-energy phosphate group is transferred directly from a substrate to ADP (adenosine triphosphate) to form ATP (Energy) (Involves a catalysis)

• Cytoplasm and Mitochondria matrix

• Not efficient because its fast but can’t make a bunch of it and only does it one at a time.

• What is the synthesis ATP process do in Oxidative phosphorylation?

What is Cellular respiration? Where in the cell does it take place first? Where does the process happen?

What do you receive when you breakdown a molecule of glucose?

The main way human cells (animal cells) obtain energy. Starts in the cytoplasm and take place in the Mitochondria

Metabolic Water (the vapor u breathes into your glasses)

How does cellular respiration work? What are the 3 main steps?

We digest carbohydrates from food sources and break it into glucose, break it down into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and electrons, and then process those captured electrons for energy.

[3] main steps:

1. Glycolysis (breaking sugar)

2. Krebs cycle (Making energy carriers)

3. Oxidative phosphorylation (losing electrons)

What is the first stage of Cellular respiration?

• Location in the cell?

• Reactants: What goes in?

• Products: What comes out?

• How much is the ATP net gain? (yield)

• Requires O2?

Cellular Reparation: Glycolysis (break the sugar in half)

• Location- Cytoplasm

• Reactants: 6 Carbon Molecules Glucose (sugar)

• Products: 2 Pyruvate that has 3 carbon atoms in each pyruvate.

  • (And 2 NADH energy carriers)

• ATP: 2 ATP molecules

• Requires O2?: NO OXYGEN

What happens next after glycolysis when there are 2 Pyruvate in the cytoplasm With vs. Without Oxygen?

With OXYGEN

If oxygen is present, NADH (carriers) will transfer its H to proteins in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) into the mitochondria.

The pyruvate moves into the mitochondria to enter the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation for much more ATP.

WITHOUT OXYGEN

If oxygen is NOT present, NADH will give hydrogen atoms back to pyruvate, reducing it to LACTIC ACID. The 2-pyruvate will become ATP right away to becoming LACTIC ACID since there is no Oxygen the cells are in critical conditions to keep producing ATP.

What is the second stage of Cellular respiration?

• Location in the cell?

• Reactants: What goes in?

• Products: What comes out?

• How much is the ATP net gain? (yield)

• Requires O2?

Cellular respiration 2nd stage: Kreb cycle

• Location: Mitochondria matrix

• Reactants: 2 pyruvates transitioning to 2 Acetyl CoA

• Products: Bunch of energy carriers.

  • 6NAHD+H and 2FADH

  • 4CO2

• ATP Net Gain: 2 ATP

• Oxygen? NEEDS OXYGEN

What is the Third stage of Cellular respiration?

• Location in the cell?

• Reactants: What goes in?

• Products: What comes out?

• How much is the ATP net gain? (yield)

• Requires O2?

Stage 3 ETC/ Oxidative phosphorylation

• Location: Inner membrane of the mitochondria

• Reactants: NADH + H+, FADH2 Goes in. (carriers)

• Products:

  • ETC complexes transfer electrons

    from one complex to another. The

    energy released pumps H+ ions

    across the inner membrane and

    creates an electrochemical gradient.

    2. Chemiosmosis: ATP Synthase

    uses the energy of the gradient to

    bind a phosphate (Pi) to ADP.

    ADP + Pi = ATP

    *This process can run continuously

    as long as oxygen is present*

• ATP: 28-30 ATP

• Requires O2? REQUIRES OXYGEN

What is Fermentation?

When oxygen runs out meaning its when cell are not able to generate ATP through glycolysis alone through the production of LACTIC ACID

In cellular respiration, per molecule of glucose how much ATP does it produce in total?

~32 ATP per molecule of glucose

Define Glycogenesis:

Genesis: Is the creation of something

Glycogenesis: means where there is excessive amount of glucose. Glycogenesis is a process of when we have so much Glucose it forms a Glycogen to store everything in there.

Define Glycogenolysis:

Lysis: to break something

Glycogenolysis is the process which it breaks down the glycogen from what Glycogenesis created. Now it just breaking the “piggie bank” to have more glucose because its running out meaning they have low blood sugar.

Define Gluconeogenesis:

Neo: New

Genisis: create/ form

Is a process of which there is LOW BLOOD sugar and there no glucose or carbohydrates being produced from anywhere. Having low Glycogen, the Gluconeogenesis comes in to create New Glucose in the liver.

It is the process of creating carbohydrate using products that are not noncarbohydrate. We take Glycerol from FATS and we take Amino Acid from Protein and combine them to make Glucose.

quick summary of each Define:

Glycolysis:

Glycogenesis:

Glycogenolysis:

Gluconeogenesis:

Glycolysis: Converts glucose to pyruvic acid

Glycogenesis: Polymerizes glucose to form glycogen

Glycogenolysis: Hydrolyzes glycogen to glucose monomers

Gluconeogenesis: Forms glucose from noncarbohydrate precursor

Lipids (FATS) provide a ______ energy yield than from glucose or protein catabolism. (More calories)

Greater, Better, larger. anything thats among bigger.

In lipids (FATS) Glycerol breaks down and goes into Glycolysis and turning it into pyruic acid transitioning into Acetyle CoA into the KREB CYCLE.

How much ATP would it yield?

Yields 15 ATP

Define

Beta Oxidation in Lipids:

Lipolysis:

Lipogenesis:

Beta oxidation: It coverts (transition) Fatty Acids into Acetyl CoA (the golden ticket for Kreb Cycle)

Lipolysis: Breaks down lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

• exercise to lose fat

Lipogenesis: Forms lipids from acetyl CoA and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate.

• Storing Fat

Amino Acids (protein) summary Define:

Transamination:

Oxidative deamination:

Transamination: Transfering protein products so we can Oxidize

Oxidative deamination: Removes amine group (Like ammonia)