Integrated Vector - Pest Control Methods

IMP

Integrated Pest Management

Integrated Pest Management

1. Biological methods

2. Physical methods

3. Agriculture management methods

4. Genetical methods

5. Legislation methods

6. Chemical methods

7. Mechanical methods

Monocultures

pf single crops, and the agronomic practices carried out there have enabled many species of insect to multiply pest proportions

Irrigation

All crops irrigated particularly rice provides the worst disease scenario mainly because large areas are flooded for long periods

Deforestation

Clearing land for farming has provided preferable breeding habitats for sun-loving insects

Agriculture Control Methods

1. Monocultures

2. Irrigation

3. Deforestation

4. Farm Mechanization

5. Movement of humans and crop to new area

6. Changes in mans management practice

7. Climate change

Farm mechanization

which leads to more crop cycles a years, increasing in farm hectarage, changes in land use, cultivation of marginal lands, and increase use of fertilizers and pesticides.

Movement of humans and crops to new area

The pests and vectors co-exist with these crops will therefore disseminate to mew area

Changes in mans management practices

as people cut down forests and clear land for farming, the shahed environment favored by tsetse-flies is destroyed and their populations are pushed back

Climate change

a principal density-independent factor in insect population dynamics, has a major effect on the potential increase rate of both pests and natural enemies

chemical control

1. Rapid

2. Man-dependant

3. May induce pollution to environment

4. Pests and vectors may exhibit resistance

5. May affect non targeted organisms

Biological Control

1. Slow

2. Self sustained

3. Safe to environment

4. Pests and vectors dont exhibit resistance

5. More specific to the targeted pests/vectors

Routes to the insects

1. Contact

2. Residual

3. Stomach poisons

4. Systemic

5. Fumigant

Contact

makes contact with the exterior of the insect and penetrates the cuticle to reach the internal tissue

disadvantages to contact

short-lived that they need to contact the insect at the time of application

Residual

longer-lived insecticides which form a residue on the surface to which they are applied

Disadvantage of Residual

the UV light from the sun which is so important in degradation of insecticide residues

Stomach poisons

have to be ingested by the insect to be effective and their residue is often non-toxic

Disadvantage of Stomach poisons

there may be less specificity when aquatic habitats are treated

example of stomach poisons

Pairs Green to control mosquito larvae

Systemic

The chemical is absorbed by the plant and moved internally in the vascular system to other parts of the plant

where does the systematic movement takes place in

the xylem

Systemic disadvantages

Effective protection can begiven by dosing the soil around the roots rather than spraying the leaves

Fumigant

the insect is killed by inhaling toxic vapours through its spiracles

Advantages of fumigants

1. most effective ovicides

2. reaches insects concealed in structures with openings such as tunnels and rolled leaves and kill insects sheltering in inaccessible

Early insecticides

1. Plant derivatives

2. Petroleum oils

3. heavy metal slats

Plant derivatives

toxic extracts of plants poisoning either nervous or respiratory system

How do Plant derivatives work

they penetrate the cuticle of insects and they are very short-lived

Disadvantage of Plant derivatives

many plants contain toxic chemicals and several are known to be very toxic to man

Petroleum oils

works mainly by suffocation, but in addition some mortality stems from the toxicity of their hydrocarbons

High-spreading oils

contains surface-active agents that increase spreading power become available

Disadvantages of Petroleum oil

most were phytotoxic and killed non-target organisms

Heavy metal salt

toxic radicals formulated as salts of metals and ingested as a stomach poison

Paris Green

copper aceto-arsenite

Disadvantage of Heavy metal salts

arent persistent, and therefore there is risk in ingestion by man

Residual contact insecticides

1. Organochlorines / Organophosphate

2. Carbamates

3. Synthetic pyrethroids

4. Formamidines

5. Neonicotinoid

6. Insect growth regulators

7. Ecdysone

8. Juvenile hormone analogues

9. Anti-Juvenile hormones

10. Chitin synthesis inhibtors

11. Triazines

Organochlorines

most famous of these is DDT and Aldrin

Disadvantage of Organochlorines

they break down slowly

Organophosphates

usually highly toxic to man but easily broken down and much less persistent. example: parathion and malathion

disadvantage of Organophosphate

have a very non specific mode of action on animals

Carbamates

on the nervous system by the accumulation of acetylcholine at the nerve synapses. the most selective recent recommended insecticide group, especially for the highly toxic and persistent compounds

example of Carbamates

Aldicarn and carbofuran

Synthetic pyrethroids

high toxicity to insects with low mammalian toxicity and greatly increased stability

example of Synthetic pyrethroids

Cypermethrin

Disadvantage of Synthetic pyrethroids

broad-spectrum residual contact poisons

Formamidines

act on the nervous system but with a different mode of action and can be used where tolerance has developed in the target insect

Neonicotinoid

a systemic insecticide with good contact and stomach poison action. It has good persistence and can be applied to the soil as well as by spraying

IGRs

Insect Growth Regulators

Insect Growth Regulators

chemicals which interfere in an adverse manner with normal growth and development of insects

Advantages of Insect Growth Regulators

less damaging to other types of organisms in the enivronment and have very low toxicity to mammals, birds, fish, and adult insects

disadvantages of Insect Growth Regulators

relatively non-specific among insects and relatively costly

Ecdysone

regulates the moulting process and the development of new cuticle

disadvantages of Ecdysone

higher costs of synthesis

Juvenile hormone analogues

function the same way as the natural hormone in the regulation of metamorphosis

example of Juvenile hormone analogues

Methoperene and Kinoprene

disadvantages of Juvenile hormone analogues

resistance in insects appeared very quickly to few JH analogues

Anti-juvenile hormones

a high titre of juvenile hormone the insect maintains its larval characteristics, and if this effect can be counteracted in the early stages, then the larvae may metamorphose into miniature pupae

Disadvantages of Anti-juvenile hormones

they could actually increase damage as if applied too late in insect development

Chitin synthesis inhibitors

kind of IGRs. they interrupt the organisms molting process

example of Chitin synthesis inhibitors

Benzoylphenyl ureas and difluenzuron

Disadvantage of Chitin synthesis inhibitors

although effective they are expensive

Triazines

contains Cyromazine causes stiffness of the insect cuticle

Cyromazine is most effective against

Diptera

Disadvantages of Triazines

resistance to Cyromazine appeared in some insects like Diptera

DDT

Parathion

Carbaryl

Resmethrin

Abamectin

Imidacloprid