GE 13 - Understanding History, Early Filipino Society, Spanish Colonization, and Revolts & Nationalism

Vocabulary practice flashcards generated from midterm notes covering historical concepts, early Philippine society, Spanish colonization, and key revolts and nationalism.

Past

Everything that happened before.

History

Study, recording, and interpretation of the past.

Interpretation

Giving meaning to evidence; people may interpret events differently.

Argument

Stronger voices may dominate while weaker voices are forgotten.

Bias

Personal viewpoint that can affect interpretation.

Historian's Mandate

Truth, Reflection, Progress.

Truth

Present the past as it was.

Reflection

Not everything in the past should be treated as inspiration.

Progress

Learn from past mistakes and achievements.

Primary Source

Created by people directly involved/witnesses.

Secondary Source

Later account or analysis by someone not directly involved.

External Criticism

Checks if the source/artifact is authentic.

Internal Criticism

Checks truth, reliability, meaning, and bias.

5 Source Checks

Origin, Authorship, Intent, Bias & Extraction, Validation.

Barangay

Independent early settlement; basic political/social unit.

Datu

Ruling chief/nobility; political authority.

Maharlika

Nobility/warrior class.

Timawa

Freemen/commoners; could rise through bravery and battle.

Slaves

Dependent class; could sometimes redeem their freedom.

Torogan

Traditional ancestral home of Maranao nobility/Datu or Sultan.

Panolong

Wing-like beams of the Torogan.

Torogan Symbolism

Represents power, royalty, status, authority, and wealth.

Torogan Function

Community center for meetings, trials, decisions, weddings, coronations.

Catalonan

Spiritual Leader in Luzon.

Anito

Deity in Luzon.

Babaylan

Spiritual Leader in Visayas.

Diwata

Deity in Visayas.

Aliping Namamahay

Slave class that has their own house.

Aliping Saguiguilid

Slave class that lives in master's house.

Tumaranpoc / Tumarampok

Works 1 day out of 3.

Tomataban

Seasonal worker.

Ayuey

Fully dependent on master.

Bigay-kaya

Groom gives dowry to bride's parents.

Miguel de Loarca

Recorded early Visayan society and customs.

Boxer Codex

Important source for clothing traditions.

Antonio de Morga

Wrote about warfare, weapons, boats, and Filipino customs.

Bagoong

Fermented/decayed fish; Morga discussed Filipino food customs.

Betel Nut

Traditional chewing practice in Cordillera and parts of Mindanao.

Reconquista

Christian campaigns to reclaim Iberian territory from Muslims.

Treaty of Tordesillas — 1494

Divided non-Christian territories between Spain and Portugal.

Treaty of Zaragoza — 1529

Gave Portugal the Moluccas and Spain the Philippines.

Reducción

Resettlement + Christian indoctrination; controls where they lived.

Encomienda & Tribute

Taxation/jurisdiction; controls what they produced.

Polo y Servicios

Forced labor; controls how they labored.

Falla

8 reales payment for exemption from labor.

Plaza Complex

Church + town hall + market around a central plaza.

Bajo el tañido de la campana

"Under the sound of the bell"; centralized communities.

Tulisanes

People who resisted/fled Spanish authority; branded as bandits.

Real Audiencia

Supreme judicial/administrative tribunal in New Spain.

Synod of Manila — 1582

Church assembly addressing abuses in evangelization, taxes, and labor.

Bishop Domingo de Salazar

Convened the Synod of Manila and described the suffering caused by colonial conditions.

Fray Martín de Rada — 1574

Criticized excessive tribute and argued Spain had no just title.

Bancao Revolt

1621 revolt in Leyte caused by the rejection of the imposed Catholic faith.

Sumoroy Revolt

1649 labor revolt in Palapag, Samar caused by rejection of forced labor.

Dagohoy Revolt

1744–1829 revolt in Bohol triggered when a priest refused Christian burial for Dagohoy's brother.

Agrarian Uprisings

1745 uprisings caused by land grabbing by friar estates.

Ilustrados

Educated Filipinos who studied in Manila/Europe.

Principalia

Wealthy/local elite class.

Inquilinos

Tenants affected by land monopolization.

Propaganda Movement — 1880–1895

Filipino reform movement mainly based in Europe/Spain seeking assimilation and reforms through the pen and La Solidaridad.

Jose Rizal

Propaganda figure whose focus was structural oppression.

Marcelo H. del Pilar

Propaganda figure whose focus was friar/monastic political power.

Graciano López Jaena

Propaganda figure whose focus was poor education and colonial government failures.

KKK

Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan.

Decalogue

Bonifacio's duties for Katipuneros.

Kartilya

Jacinto's ethical guide for recruits.

Cry of Pugad Lawin

August 23, 1896 event where cédulas were torn.

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

Wrote/read the Declaration of Independence.

Marcela, Lorenza & Delfina Agoncillo

Hand-sewn the Philippine flag in Hong Kong.

Julian Felipe

Composed the national anthem's music.

Malolos Constitution

First democratic constitution in Southeast Asia, according to the notes.

Benevolent Assimilation — Dec. 21, 1898

US proclamation extending military sovereignty over the Philippines.