Biology TEAS

Ribosomes

Involved in synthesizing proteins from amino acids, they are numerous making up about one quarter of the cell, some cells contain thousands of ribosomes some are mobile and some are embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi complex

This is involved in synthesizing proteins that are transported out of the cell. It is located near the nucleus and consist of layers of membranes

Vacuoles

These are sacs used for storage, digestion and waste removal. There is one large vacuole in plant cells. Animals cells have small, sometimes numerous vacuoles.

Vesicles

This is a small organelle within a cell. It has a membrane and preforms varying functions including moving material within a cell

Cytoskeleton

This consist of microtubules that help shape and support the cell and organelles and movement

Microbes

These are part of the cytoskeleton and help support the cell. They are made of protein

Cytosine

This is the liquid material in the cell. It is mostly water, but also contains some floating molecules

Cytoplasm

cytosol and the substructures (organelles) found within the plasma membrane, but not within the nucleus

-fluid that fills inside of cell

Cell membrane

Cell barrier and keeps cytoplasm in, determines what enters and exits the cell- selective permeability

Endoplasmic reticulum

-calcium storage, protein synthesis, lipid metabolism

Tubular network that is the transport system of the cell

Mitochondria

structures that perform various functions such as generating ATP of evolved in cell growth in death they contain their own DNA that is separate from what is contained in the nucleus

Golgi apparatus

process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins designed to be exported out of the cell

Lysosomes

Breakdown a various substances, but from Golgi and enclose hydrophilic inside so damaged itself, not separated from the side of soul, hydrogen ions are pumped so the lysosome can maintain acidic environment, maintain homeostasis by dismantling various substrate and non-functioning intercellular components by recycling them if not, or damaged to sell undergoes apoptosis

Cytoskeleton

Various types of protein, fibers, microfilaments, intermediate fibers and microtubules, which are known for cell shape and structure and involved in the movement of the south south it’s stabilizes most of the organelles or helped to anchor to neighboring cells and it helps to separate from Sister chrome and pinches the form of the Daughter cells during cytokinesis

Nucleus

Small structure that contains chromosomes, the regulate the DNA of a cell

Chromosomes

Highly condensed thread like rods of DNA short for deoxyribonucleic acid DNA is the genetic material that stores information about the plant or animal

Chromatin

This consist of the DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes

Nucleolus

The structure contain within the nucleus consist of protein small round does not have a membrane. It’s involved in protein, synthesis, and synthesizes and stores RNA.

Nuclear envelope

This closes the structure of the nucleus. It consists of an outer membrane made of lipids.

Nuclear pores

Involved in the exchange of material between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Nucleoplasm

Liquid within the nucleus and is similar to cytoplasm

Prophase

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, the nucleus and nuclear membrane breakdown. The miotic spindle begins to form.

Metaphase

The spinal alliance, a chromosome along the metaphase plate

Anaphase

Sister rotted or split at the center mirror and pull towards the opposite poles

Telophase

Chromosomes uncoil a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes a nucleolus Forms in each new nucleus the miotic spindle breaks down cytokines begin

Order of Organization

atoms—> biomolecules—> organelles—> cells—> tissues—> organs—> organ system—> organism

Modern Cell Theory

all cells come from pre-existing cells, made up of all living things

Prokaryotes

-bacteria

-archea

-No nucleus -membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotes

-fungi

-protist

-animals

-plants

-nucleus membrane bound organelles

amino acids

building blocs of protein

Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough

-surface are ribosomes

-surafce area for chemicals reactions, protein transport vessicles

Endoplamic Reticulum: smooth

makes cellular products like hormones and lipid detoxification

enzyme assistance

receives material from transport vesicles that detach from ER

-enzymes modify molecules and organizes them

Chloroplast

saclike organ with double membrane that serves as site of photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

energy from sun—> converted into chemical energy for growth

Lysosomes

digestive enzymes that breakdown excess or worn out cell parts

-may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria

vacuole: animal cells

help sequester waste products

vacuole: plant cells

maintain water balance

mitosis

cell division that results in two daughter cells having the same # and kind of chromosomes

-going to lead to body cells (somatic cells)

meiosis

cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the # of chromosomes of the parent cell

-makes gamates, sperm and egg cells

Complete set of chromosomes

both have 46 chromosomes (23 mom and dad)

Mitosis -Prophase

chromosomes become more visible as they condese

Mitosis- Metaphase

align in middle of the cells center forming a single row

Mitosis- Anaphase

chromatids are seperated and drawn to opposite end by spindle fibers

Mitosis- Telephase

reach opposite sides and form new nuclear envelope

-2 new cells

-then cytokinesis that splits cytoplasm of the cell

Meiosis- Prophase 1

chromosomes condense and pair homologous chromosomes

Meiosis- Metaphase 1

chromosomes condense and pair homologous chromosomes

Meiosis Metaphase1-

chromomes aliign in middle of cell center maintaining their homologous pairs

Meiosis Anaphase 1-

chromosomes are drawn to opposite ends

Meiosis Telophase 1

reach opposite ends of the cell forming new nuclear envelope around chromosomes

Meiosis Prophase 2

chromosomes condensation in both cells

Meiosis Metaphase 2

chromosomes align in the middle of cells center forming new row

Meiosis Anaphase 2

chromatids are seperated and drawn to opposite ends by spindle fibers

Meiosis Telophase 2

chromosomes reach opposite sides of cell—> new nuclear envelope around chromosomes

heredity

passing on physical or mental characteristics from one generation to another—> DNA

-contributes to height, eye color, risk of certain disease, hair color

DNA

(deoxyribonucleic acid) self replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as main constituent of chromosomes, found inside nucleus

-held together rby nitrogen bonds

-made of phosphate, deoxyribose (sugar), and nitrogenous base (code for traits)

-Adenosine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine

gene

unit of heredity. is transferred from one patient to offspring —> held to determine some characteristics of the offspring

structural gene

-eye/ hair color

-transport

-structure

-enzymatic activity

-defense mechanism

regulatory genes

-control timing, location, amount which genes are expressed RNAs—> that control expression of genes

chromosomes

threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells—> carrying genetic info in the form of genes

-composed of DNA, and genes are specific segements of chromosomes that dictate individual traits

RNA

nucleic acids present in all living cells whos principal role is to act as a messenger carrying out instructions from DNA for controlling synthesis of proteins found inside and outside of nucleus

-adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

-single strand

-ribose sugar (different sugar base)

mRNA

carries info to make proteins

rRNA

serves as location for protein synthesis