spa3103 first quiz study: chapter 1 and 2

applied anatomy

aka clinical anatomy, diseases and treatments

descriptive anatomy

aka systemic anatomy, body parts to functional systems

gross anatomy

body parts visible without microscope

microscopic anatomy

body parts visible with microscope

developmental anatomy

growth and development to birth

comparative anatomy

compares among species

pathological anatomy

changes in body parts due to diseases

cystoscopy

examines cell structure and function

histology

studies tissues with a microscope

osteology

study of bone structure and function

myology

study of muscle form and function

arthrology

studies joints

angiography

studies blood vessels and lymphatic system

neurology

studies nervous system diseases

axial skeleton

80 bones, central axis or pillar of body including skull, vertebrae, coccyx, ribs, sternum, hyoid

appendicular skeleton

126 bones, includes all upper and lower limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdle, pubis

anatomical position

standing erect, feet parallel, arms by sides, palms facing forward, head and gaze forward

coronal or frontal plane

divides body into anterior and posterior, commonly used for imaging of the brain

median

midsagittal, vertically oriented, divides body into equal right and left halves

sagittal

parasagittal, vertically oriented, parallel to median plane but divides body into unequal right and left halves

horizontal or transverse or axial mostly used for

CT scans

trunk or torso

thorax and abdomen

dorsal trunk

back

pelvis is formed by

hip bones

upper and lower extremities attached to

trunk

cranial cavity

consists of brain and vertebral canal (spinal cord)

thoracic cavity contains

lungs

pericardial cavity

heart

abdominal cavity

digestive organs

parietal

body wall

visceral

internal organs

rostral

towards head

caudal

towards feet

external/superficial

towards surface

internal/deep

away from surface

prone

face down

supine

face up

proximal

root of limb

distal

end of limb

organs

tissues come together to form special function

epithelium

lines and covers surfaces of body

connective tissue

supports avascular epithelia, tendons, ligaments, bones, cartilage, adipose tissue, and blood

muscle

3 types, smooth in walls of internal organs and blood vessels, cardiac in heart and proximal parts, skeletal forms all under voluntary control

nerve

neuron processes and glial cells from CNS, dendrites and axons of PNS

roles of epithelial tissue

protection barrier, prevents dehydration

basement membrane of epithelium role

acts as filter, stabilizes and directs growth patterns

hardest form of connective tissue

bone

types of connective tissue

areolar, adipose, fibrous, cartilage, blood, bone

fibroblast

production of extracellular matrix which secrets protein for wound repair 

microphages

collect waste tissue

lymphocytes

immunity, defend against viral attacks and agents

mast cells

rush to site for inflammation

tissue aggregates

tendons, muscle, ligaments, fascia

joints

form union of bones with other bones or cartilage

ligaments connect

bone to bone or cartilage

physical systems of communication

respiratory, phonatory, articulatory, nervous, resonatory

respiratory system includes

lungs, passageway, trachea, larynx, pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity

phonatory system

production of sound, uses protective component of larynx

articulatory system

used to alter sounds of speech using tongue, teeth, lips, soft palate

resonatory system

involves shaping sounds in vocal tract, vocal folds, referred to as nasopharynx

system

group of organs that function together for a purpose

organs

groups of tissue

physical systems of communication

respiratory, phonatory, articulatory, nervous, resonatory

what anatomical structures are vital for speech production

teeth (tear and bite), tongue (suck and swallow), lips (suck), velum (protection, smell, suck), larynx (protect, support)

descriptive anatomy systems

muscular, digestive, respiratory, skeletal, reproductive, nervous, special senses

cartilage

spongey, can be yellow or white, type of connective tissue

cranial nerves serve

muscles of speech, transmit sensation concerning speech, and mediate other visceral functions

cranial nerve I

olfactory, smell (sensory), problems are anosmia

cranial nerve II

optic nerve, vision (sensory) problem is loss of vision

cranial nerve III

oculomotor nerve (motor) moves eyes left and right, controls eyelid, pupil constrictor. problems are loss of light reflex, ptosis, papilledema

cranial nerve IV

trochlear nerve (motor) moves eyes up and down, problems are diplopia, nystagmus, difficulty moving eyes up and down

cranial nerve V

trigeminal nerve (mixed), chewing muscles, touch pain and temperature for face, mouth and anterior 2/3 of tongue. problems are loss of sensation, difficulty chewing, abnormal jaw-jerk reflex

cranial nerve VI

abducens nerve (motor) rotates eyes outward, problem is strabismus and diplopia

cranial nerve VII

facial nerve (mixed), muscles of face, taste in anterior 2/3 of tongue. problems are facial paralysis, taste loss

cranial nerve VIII

vestibulocochlear nerve or auditory nerve (sensory) hearing and balance, problems with hearing and balance

cranial nerve IX

glossopharyngeal nerve (mixed), pharyngeal movement, salivation, taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue, problems with gag and swallow reflex, loss of taste, loss of pharyngeal movement

cranial nerve X

vagus nerve (mixed), pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, heart, lungs, tactile sensations, problems are absent gag and swallow reflex, loss of velar movement, loss of voice

cranial nerve XI

spinal accessory nerve (motor) neck and shoulder muscles

cranial nerve XII

hypoglossal nerve (motor), muscles of tongue, problems are tongue atrophy, fasciculations, loss of tongue movement

respiration

exchange of gas between organism and its environment

inspiration

bringing oxygen to the body’s cells by breathing in

expiration

eliminating carbon dioxide from the body’s cells by breathing out

principles of respiration

1 air pressure needs to be equal inside and outside lungs, 2 as air pressure in lungs decreases, air enters lungs to equalize pressure, 3 as air pressure in lungs increases, air flows out of lungs to equalize pressure

air pressure

force exerted on the walls of a chamber by molecules of air, pressure is force over area, increase pressure by decreasing area

the breathing apparatus is made of up the

pulmonary apparatus (lungs and airways) and chest wall (rib cage wall, abdominal wall, diaphragm)

skeletal superstructure of the breathing apparatus includes

clavicle, sternum, humerus, ribs, costal cartilage, pelvic girdle, vertebrae

vertebrae consists of

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx, separated by intervertebral discs

cervical vertebrae

C1 to C7, the neck

thoracic vertebrae

T1 to T12, provides basis for respiratory framework, forms posterior attachment for ribs and bony thorax

lumbar vertebrae

5 large, stress on them for lifting and walking, attachment for back and abdominal muscles, posterior fibers of diaphragm

sacral vertebrae

5, compose sacrum

coccyx vertebrae

4, fused

chest/thoracic 3 wall roles

1 protects heart, lungs and great vessels, 2 provides attachment for pectoral girdle and upper limbs, and 3 respiration by continuing to seal thoracic cavity whose dimensions alter to produce changes in pressure

ribs

12 pairs of ribs, each with a head, neck, shaft, and angle. attached to vertebral column, slope downward during rest and elevate during inspiration

rib cage

1-7 true, 8-10 false, 11-12 floating (no front attachment). each rib articulates with two vertebrae

sternum three components

manubium sterni, corpus, and oiphoid or ensiform process. point of attachment for ribs directly or indirectly by costal cartilage

pectoral girdle

clavicle (collar bone) and scapula

pelvic girdles made of

three bones, illium, ischium, and pubis

illium

iliac crest, articulates with sacrum

ischium

articulates with pubis