AP World History (ch 18)

Dutch influence and control of a colonial Asian island empire was centered in __________.

Java

The British Raj referred to the __________.

British political establishment in India

What conclusion can be made about the role India played in the formation of a British global colonial empire?

India served as a major military and commercial base for British colonial power.

Unlike the system of Western education in the British colonial empire, France __________ in its overseas colonies.

promoted assimilation and nationalism through Western education that would qualify former students for full French citizenship

Utilitarian reform principles promoting British institutions and ways of thinking in India and the eradication of Indian superstitions and social abuse were advocated mainly by __________.

James Mill

Although science and industry gave Europeans power over the rest of the world in the late nineteenth century, these innovations detrimentally affected European nations due to __________.

an increase in economic competition and political rivalries

Why did political leaders in Western industrialized nations perceive overseas colonies as essential for the development of their homelands into great economic world powers?

Foreign colonies were considered to be insurance against raw materials shortages and the loss of overseas market outlets to rival nations.

__________ made public opinion a major factor in foreign policy decisions crafted by European nations and the United States toward the end of the nineteenth century.

Mass journalism and the extension of suffrage

One notable event that occurred in 1869 and greatly revolutionized European imperialism in the Eastern Hemisphere was the __________.

opening of the Suez Canal

The 1879 battle of Isandlwana in South Africa was notable because it __________.

was one of the few victories were African forces defeated a European imperial power

More than half of European overseas empires were made up of __________.

tropical dependencies

Older established colonies such as South Africa, as well more recent nineteenth-century Western colonies such as Algeria, Kenya, and Hawaii, most reflected characteristics that were __________.

a combination of tropical dependencies and white settlement colonies

In John Buchan's novel Prester John, the main character, Davie, views European overseas colonialism as __________.

a mission to "civilize" people considered to be inferior to white Westerners

Western-language education in Africa was mainly under the control of __________.

Christian missionaries

Hawaii was opened to the West in the 1770s through the voyages of __________.

James Cook

The Dutch East India Company and British East India Company were initially opposed to territorial acquisitions in Asia after receiving trade monopolies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries because company directors believed that __________.

colonial wars and direct administration of overseas colonies were too expensive and would cut into their profits

British success under Robert Clive's military leadership over Bengali troops at the battle of Plassey in 1757 resulted from __________.

espionage and bribery

How did Indian rulers and princes directly contribute to their own takeover and subjugation by the British?

Indian rulers continued to fight with each other despite the ever-growing power of the British Raj that would soon engulf them.

The popularity of bungalows, light cotton clothing, and sarongs demonstrated that Europeans __________.

adopted cultural traits from the tropical Asian colonies they established

Nabobs were __________.

British representatives of the East India Company who briefly went to India to make their fortunes through graft and exploitation

Unlike other industrialized European nations, such as Belgium and Germany, that began to challenge Britain by building colonial empires of their own during the late nineteenth century, France __________.

had already established an overseas colonial empire in Africa and Asia

The new boundaries of European colonies established in Africa during the late nineteenth century __________.

disregarded African political traditions

Recruitment of Sikhs, Marattas, and Gurkhas demonstrated that the British considered __________ a critical factor in selecting sepoy soldiers for their armies in India.

military prowess based on racial attributes

Although many Western industrial powers expanded into the islands of the Pacific Ocean during the nineteenth century, these colonies were __________.

smaller and of less economic value than Western possessions in Asia and Africa

Although Zulu warriors defeated a more militarily advanced force of British soldiers at the battle of Isandlwana, their victory was ironic in that __________.

more Zulu warriors died in this battle than did the British or their African allies

The division of indigenous people into "tribes" by European administrators in their overseas colonies demonstrated that native people were perceived as being __________ by their European overlords.

primitive

One effect of European overlords refusing to promote higher education in their African colonies was __________.

the lack of an emerging middle class among black Africans

Before the beginning of World War I in 1914, Britain was most dependent on __________ for raw materials such as wool, cotton, and foodstuffs.

the White Dominions and India

How did religious issues intensify the conflict between British settlers and Boer farmers living in South Africa during the early nineteenth century?

British Evangelical missionaries in South Africa were determined to end slavery there, including the domestic pattern of enslavement used in Boer homesteads.

By the end of the nineteenth century, Hawaii __________.

had been formally annexed by the United States

Both the Dutch and British became land powers in Java and India, respectively, by __________.

intervening in the political affairs and military disputes that arose between local indigenous rulers

Indigenous soldiers from India who were recruited from various warlike peoples and served the British East India Company were known as __________.

sepoys

The British victory at the battle of Plassey was a key turning point in Britain's role as a colonial power in India because it led to __________.

British control over Northern India

Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta were Indian port cities that were the __________.

administrative centers of the three Presidencies, which made up most of the Indian territory ruled directly by the British

What can be said of English and Dutch adaptations to the host cultures of their Asian colonies?

Interracial interactions, including mixed marriages, between Europeans and Asians became less frequent during the last half of the nineteenth century.

Beginning in the 1770s, the British parliament passed a series of reforms in the administration of the British East India Company to __________.

eliminate corruption within the company

One advantage that European imperial powers had in hiring Western-educated African and Asian subordinates was that these subordinates were __________.

paid lower salaries than Europeans would have been paid

The following response by British official Charles Napier to brahmins complaining about his refusal to allow sati among upper-caste Hindus in India exemplified the __________ that the British imposed on their colonial subjects.

"The burning of widows is your custom ... But my nation also has a custom. When men burn women alive, we hang them and confiscate all their property ... Let us all act according to our national customs."

sense of moral and social superiority

More recent research has revealed that the 1857 "Great Indian Mutiny" led by sepoy soldiers __________.

resulted from the lack by the British of cultural knowledge and sensitivity toward Hindus and Muslims

What can be said of European overseas colonialism during the first half of the nineteenth century?

Britain used its naval superiority to dominate overseas trade and empire building.

Between the early years of independence and 1860, which foreign nation was the dominant economic force in Latin America?

Britain

What was meant when political theorists stated that colonies had the potential to serve as "safety valves" for their colonial overlords?

Migration to overseas colonies could relieve the social and economic pressure built up in the homeland during industrial slumps.

How did the role played by European political leaders in the acquisition of overseas colonial possessions change from the first half of the nineteenth century to the last half of this century?

Political leaders took a more active role in making decisions about colonial possessions due mostly to improved communication systems.

Advances in metallurgy during the late nineteenth century made it possible for European nations to produce __________, increasing their capacity to wage war against the preindustrial societies in Asia and Africa.

light, mobile artillery pieces

What can be said about the military forces that conquered and controlled European overseas empires in Africa and Asia during the late nineteenth century?

Most of the European colonial armies were made up of indigenous soldiers who were living under European colonial rule.

Indigenous struggles, such as the Ghost Dance in the American West, the Maji Maji uprisings in German East Africa, and the Boxer Rebellion in China, against Western overlords demonstrated that __________ played a role in resistance movements against colonialism.

native religious beliefs

British White Dominions, such as Canada and Australia, were settlement colonies that had __________.

large geographic areas but a small population percentage of the overall British Empire

Europeans maintained control and put down resistance in their African and Asian colonies gained during the nineteenth century mostly by __________.

exploiting long-standing ethnic and cultural divisions among the indigenous people in their colonies

In Ren Maran's novel Batouala, the protagonist views European colonial rule as __________.

a burden to the indigenous people living in European overseas colonies

Recent research by historians of colonialism discovered that the growing social gap between colonizers and the colonized in European colonies was initiated by __________.

male colonial officials and administrators

Efforts by colonial bureaucrats and managers to instruct African and Asian peasants in scientific farming techniques and to compel peasants to work harder and more efficiently led to __________.

greater peasant dependency in a Western-dominated world economy

Belgian king Leopold II created a personal fiefdom characterized by a brutal forced-labor regime in __________.

the Congo

What can be said of newer settler colonies formed in the nineteenth century?

Newer settler colonies frequently were dominated by enduring competition and varying degrees of conflict between European settlers and indigenous people.

The Orange Free State and the Transvaal were __________.

Boer Republics established in Southern Africa

Native peoples in New Zealand and Hawaii managed to survive challenges from colonialism by __________.

accommodating to European influences while reviving their traditional beliefs and practices