Spring History Exam

Stock Market Crash

October 1929 collapse of the Stock Prices. Investors rushed to sell their share of the stock and prices dropped dramatically

Dust Bowl

a region in the Midwest that experience a long dust storm which forced millions of people to move and killed crops

Hawley Smooth Tarriff

raised taxed on imported goods to record levels in an attempt to save US businesses but backfired and made the Great Depression worse

Hoovervilles

many blamed these tent villages after President Hover who forced people to leave their homes or jobs

New Deal

nickname for Roosevelts program to end the Great Depression

Social Security

FDR’s program in 1935 that provided benefits for retired and unemployed people through a payroll tax

Alphabet Agencies

many New Deal agencies abbreviations like: AAA, CCC, WPA, FDIC ect.

Fireside Chats

nickname given to FDR’s radio address during his 4 terms as president where he would explain what administrations he was doing

Appeasment

to give in

Lend Lease Act

a system where the United States LENDS military supplies to our allies and in return the LEASE us land to put a military base on

Non Agression Pact

a deal between Germany and the Soviet Union that ended a few days before World War II started

Island Hopping

US goes from island to island winning battles

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - more than 9000 allied soldiers were killed or wounded but more than 100,000 survived. This all happened in Normandy

Tuskegee Airmen

black service men of the US army Airforces who trained at Tuskegee Army Airfield in Alabama during WW2

Rosie the Riveter

a media icon associated with female defence workers during WW2

Navajo Code Talkers

Native American men serving as US marines in the pacific theater of WW2. They talked in a secret code that confused the Japanese

Executive Order 9066

issued by Franklin D. Roosevelt that locked all Japanese Americans in internment camps

Manhattan Project

a code name for the US governments research project that produced the first atomic bombs against Japan on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Final Solution

a Nazi plan to eliminate Europe’s Jewish population in the early 1930’s

Kristallnatch

German term that meant “the night of broken glass”. It was the night when the Nazi’s attacked the Jewish peoples homes and churches

Iron Curtain

nickname given by Churchill to the symbolic division between East and West Europe

Berlin Wall

a barrier that surrounded West Berlin and stopped entry into East Berlin

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

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democratic countries after WW2

Warsaw Pact

communist countries after WW2

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led to the Soviet Union

Truman Doctrine

said that the US would continue to provide military support to all democratic nations

McCarthyism

investigations to expose communism

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created by Joseph McCarthy

38th Parallel

internal border between Northern and Southern Korea

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Worlds largest minefield

Sputnik

1st man made thing to orbit the earth

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basketball sized satellite

Brinkmanship

an approach where a country makes a situation very dangerous

Tet Offensive

North Vietnamese communist forces launched an attack on South Vietnamese

Glasnost

Soviet policy founded by Mikhail Gorbachev

Perestrokia

program founded by Gorbachev in the mid 1980’s

Discrimination

treating someone differently because of skin color, religion, ethnicity, or gender

Segregation

people with different ethnic backgrounds are separate.

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This was common in the South during the Jim Crow era

Civil Disobedience

refusing to obey the laws and making the opposition look bad

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

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a civil rights organization that helped black people get equal rights

Brown vs. Board of Education

a US supreme court decision that struck down “Separate but Equal”

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ended Plessy vs. Ferguson

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said that segregated schools were unconstitutional

Montgomery Bus Boycott

a 13 month mass protest that included political and social parties against racial segregation in Montgomery, Alabama

Freedom Riders

a group of black and white northern idealists who rode buses into the south to change segregation in the early 1960’s

March on Washington

250,000 people gathered around the Lincoln Memorial, where MLK gave his speech, and marched on the lawn of the Washington Memorial protesting against racial discrimination

The Civil Rights Act

banned discrimination on race, color, religion, and gender

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banned all discrimination in the US

The voting rights act

protects and restores peoples voting rights

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banned laws that say blacks cant vote

Herbert Hoover

president during Great Depression

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Hoovervilles were named after him

Franklin D. Roosevelt

US president

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was a part of the lend lease act

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gave a speech at Pearl Harbor

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR’s wife

Huey Long

governor of Louisiana during Great Depression

Bonnie and Clyde

bankrobbers during the Great Depression

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murderers

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shot dead in Louisiana

John Maynard Keynes

economist

Winston Churchill

British prime minister

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against appeasement

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gave inspiring speeches

Joseph Stalin

Soviet premier

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number 2 mass murderer

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was part of the nonagression pact

Adolf Hitler

German Chancellor

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number 3 mass murderer

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was part of the Holocaust

Benito Mussolini

Italian Fascist Dictator

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Hitlers BFF

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used secret police to get rid of competition

Harry Truman

Vice President to FDR

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President

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responsible for Atomic Bombs

Hideki Tojo

Japanese Prime Minister

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Japanese General

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planned the attack on Pearl Harbor

Dwight Eisenhower

Supreme allied commander

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planned D-Day

Douglas MacArthur

allied general in the Pacific

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was a major role in island hopping

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accepted Japan’s surrender

Joseph McCarthy

used “witch hunt” tactics to go after people he thought were communist

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claimed he had communists working in the US government

John F. Kennedy

US president

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took blame for the bay of pigs invasion

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tough against communists in the Cuban Missile Crisis

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assassinated in Dallas in 1963

Nikita Khrushchev

soviet union premier

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soviet leader after Stalin

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visited US to ease tensions

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backed the soviet space race

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removed from power in 1964

Fidel Castro

Cuban dictator

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led the communists revolution in cuba

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brutal dictator to all of his opponents

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allowed the soviets to put missiles in cuba

Lyndon Johnson

Kennedy’s vice president

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president during the space race

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got the US involved in the Vietnam war

Richard Nixion

US president

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oversaw the “detante” (easing of tensions)

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first president to go to China

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resigned due to watergate scandel

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet Union Premier

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last leader of the soviet union

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met with president Reagen

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allowed more openess and freedom of the press

Ronald Reagan

US president

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Increased military spendings to bankrupt the USSR

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Famously said “Tear down this wall”

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Refered to the USSR as the “evil empire”

Malcolm X

Fierce advocate for African Americans

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Member of the Nation of Islam but later left

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Disagreed with MLK’s nonviolent strategy for equality

MLK Jr.

Baptist Minister from Atlanta Georgia

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coordinated nonviolent resistance

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Led Montgomery bus boycott

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Youngest nobel peace prize winner at 35

Robert Kennedy

US attorney general

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Helps protect the “Freedom Riders”

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supports desegregation as NY senator

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assassinated in 1968 as he began campaign for presidency

Thurgood Marshall

NAACP lawyer

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lawyer during the Brown vs. Board of Education/first african american supreme justice.

Munich Agreement

Appeasement/to give in like England and France  to Germany which leads to WWII 

Germany invades Poland

cause of World War II

Battle of Britian

German Luftwaffe makes nightly bomb raids over Great Britain

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The new technology (Enigma and Radar) allow British RAF to hold off Germany and prove Hitler can be stopped

Attack on Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941

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attacked by Japanese

Battle of Midway

Japan wanted to get this in between the US and Japan, but the US stopped them

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Admiral Chester Nimitz led the forces here

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this was the last time the US would ever have to fight against Japan

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at this battle the US’ allies were island hopping, forcing the Japanese to retreat

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - more than 9000 allied soldiers were killed or wounded but more than 100,000 survived. This all happened in Normandy

Battle of the Bulge

last major battle in Germany during WWII

Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombings

first attomic bombs were used on this battle

Yalta Conference

Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin decided what to do to Germany after WWII 

Berlin Airlift

US aided the West Berliners by dropping food out of planes as we flew over

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we did this because Joseph Stalin (the leader of east berlin) wouldnt let the west berliners have anything

Sputnik Launched

first launched by the soviets in 1957

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later, the US launched ___________ 2 with a dog on it.

Bay of Pigs invasion

the CIA had been training Cuban exiles since Eisenhowers’s term

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JFK okayed the mission to invade Cuba and start an uprising against Castro

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this invasion was a 100% failure and embarrassment for the US

Cuban Missile Crisis

In October 1962, the US discovers the Soviets are building missile sites in Cuba

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Kennedy orders a blockade of Cuba and orders the missiles to be removed

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a “nuclear holocaust” seemed very popular

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if the US removes missiles from Turkey and agrees not to invade Cuba, the Soviets will take their missiles down

Apollo 11 lands on the moon

1969

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carries the first man ever to land on the moon (Neil Armstrong)

Fall of the Berlin Wall

The Soviet Republic declares independence

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the _______________________ is torn down and Germany is reunited

Little Rock 9

9 black students got to go to school in Arkansas with the white kids but they had to have national guards follow them around so that they wouldn’t get bullied/beat up

Allied Powers

US, Mexico, Japan, S. Korea

Axis Powers

USSR, China, Vietnam, N. Korea

Containment Failures

US failed to contain communism in China, Vietnam, and USSR

Teddy Roosevelt

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William Taft

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Woodrow Wilson

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Warren Harding

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Calvin Coolidge

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Herbert Hoover

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Franklin D. Roosevelt

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Harry Truman

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Dwight Eisenhower

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John F. Kennedy

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Lyndon Johnson

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Richard Nixon

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Gerald Ford

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Jimmy Carter

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Ronald Reagan

list the US presidents in order during WW2, and the Cold War

Herbert Hoover

US president during Great Depression

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the Hoovervilles were named after him

Franklin D. Roosevelt

US president during