AP human unit 2 vocab flashcards

arithmetic population density

The number of people per unit area of land, typically expressed as individuals per square kilometer or square mile. measures average population across a region regardless of land quality.

physiological population density

number of people per unit area of arable (farmable) land. measures the pressure a population places on land capable of producing food

megalopolis

A continuous, highly urbanized region created when multiple major metropolitan areas merge together

census

an official periodic count and demographic survey of a country’s population, used to gather data on age, gender, race, income, and housing

doubling time

the amount of time required for a population to double its size at its current rate of natural increase

population explosion

a period of sudden, rapid, and massive growth in human population, often triggered by steep declines in death rates, while birth rates remain high

rate of natural increase

the percentage by which a population grows or shrinks annually. calculated by the CBR - CDR divided by 10

Crude birth rate (CBR)

the number of total live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a population. calculated by taking number of births in 1 year and dividing it by the country’s population then multiplying by 1,000

Crude death rate (CDR)

the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a population. calculated by taking number of deaths in 1 year and dividing it by the population then multiplying by 1,000

chronic or degenerative diseases

long-lasting, non communicable illnesses associated with aging and lifestyle - such as heart disease, cancer, strokes - that typically dominate cause if death stats in wealthier nations

population composition

the structural breakdown of a population according to characteristics such as age, biological sex, race, ethnicity

population pyramids

a graphical representation showing the percentage or total count of a population divided into age groups and biological sexes

expansive population policies

government initiatives designed to encourage high birth rate and larger family sizes (pro natalist policies) to counter population decline or labor shortages

infant mortality rate (IMR)

the annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a population

child mortality rate (CMR)

the annual number of deaths of children between ages 1 and 5 per 1,000 live births in a population

eugenic population policies

government policies explicitly designed to favor the reproduction or population growth of a specific racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic group over others

life expectancy

the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live under current mortality conditions in a given society

infectious diseases

transmissible illnesses caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites that spread directly or indirectly between people, often more prevalent in developing regions

restrictive population policies

government policies designed to reduce fertility rates and slow population growth (anti natalist policies), such as birth control or legal family limits

demographic transition model (DTM)

a theoretical model showing how a country’s population growth as it economically develops - shifting from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates