206 Bones and Their Markings

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the 206 bones of the human body and their anatomical markings, including specific counts, locations, and distinguishing functional landmarks.

lunate (2)

A crescent-shaped carpal bone located in the proximal row of the wrist between the scaphoid and triquetral bones, with a count of $2$ in the human skeleton.

distal phalanges of the hand (10)

The terminal bones at the tips of the fingers and thumbs, totaling $10$ ($5$ per hand).

ischium (2)

The posteroinferior bone of the pelvis (hip bone) that bears weight when seated, totaling $2$ in the human body.

talus (2)

The large ankle bone that articulates superiorly with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint, totaling $2$ ($1$ per foot).

metatarsals (10)

The $5$ elongated bones located in the midfoot between the tarsals and phalanges, totaling $10$ across both feet.

external auditory meatus

The bony canal of the temporal bone leading inward to the eardrum and inner ear.

jugular foramen (lateral foramen)

A large opening located laterally at the base of the skull between the temporal and occipital bones that transmits major vessels and cranial nerves.

occipital condyles

Rounded articular processes on the inferior surface of the occipital bone that articulate with the superior facets of the atlas ($C1$).

crista galli

A sharp, upward bony projection of the ethmoid bone in the cranial cavity that serves as an attachment site for the falx cerebri of the dura mater.

coracoid process of the scapula

A small, hook-like projection on the anterior-superior edge of the scapula pointing laterally and forward beneath the clavicle.

medial condyle of the femur

The rounded, medial projection at the distal end of the thigh bone that articulates with the medial condyle of the tibia.

capitulum of the humerus

The smooth, rounded lateral condyle on the distal humerus that articulates with the head of the radius.

sphenoid bone (lateral view)

The butterfly-shaped cranial bone as viewed from the side, demonstrating its greater wing and articulation with the temporal and parietal bones.

sphenoid bone (inferior view)

The butterfly-shaped cranial bone as viewed from below, displaying structures such as the pterygoid processes and sphenoidal sinuses.

ethmoid bone

An unpaired cranial bone positioned at the roof of the nasal cavity and between the orbits that contributes to the nasal septum and cranial base.

mandible

The lower jawbone; the largest, strongest, and only movable bone of the adult skull.

palatine bone (2)

A pair of $L$-shaped facial bones located at the back of the nasal cavity that form the posterior hard palate and part of the nasal cavity floor.

cervical vertebrae (7)

The first $7$ vertebrae ($C1$ to $C7$) of the spinal column located in the neck region.

coccyx

The small triangular bone at the inferior terminus of the vertebral column, commonly known as the tailbone.

distal phalanges of the foot (10)

The terminal bones forming the tips of the toes, numbering $10$ in total ($5$ on each foot).

transverse process

A bony projection extending laterally from the right and left sides of a vertebral arch, providing points of attachment for muscles and ligaments.

lateral condyle of the femur

The rounded articular prominence on the lateral aspect of the distal femur that articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia.

intervertebral disks

Fibrocartilaginous pads positioned between adjacent vertebral bodies that absorb shock and permit vertebral column flexibility.

frontal bone

The unpaired cranial bone that forms the forehead, the roofs of the orbits, and the anterior part of the cranial floor.

parietal bone (2)

A pair of quadrilateral bones forming the superior and lateral walls of the cranium, totaling $2$.

temporal bone (2)

A pair of bones positioned on the lateral sides and base of the skull, housing the structures of the ear, totaling $2$.

occipital bone

The trapezoidal bone forming the posterior and inferior part of the cranium and housing the foramen magnum.

maxilla (2)

A pair of facial bones that fuse together to form the upper jaw, holding the upper teeth and contributing to the orbit and palate, totaling $2$.

zygomatic bone (2)

A pair of facial bones that form the prominence of the cheeks and part of the lateral orbital wall, totaling $2$.

nasal bone (2)

A pair of small, oblong bones that meet at the midline to form the bridge of the nose, totaling $2$.

lacrimal bone (2)

A pair of small, fragile rectangular facial bones situated in the medial wall of each orbit, totaling $2$.

vomer

A slender, unpaired ploughshare-shaped bone that forms the inferior and posterior portion of the bony nasal septum.

hyoid bone

A $U$-shaped bone in the anterior neck between the mandible and larynx that does not articulate directly with any other bone.

scapula (2)

The triangular flat bone of the shoulder girdle situated on the posterolateral aspect of the thorax, commonly called the shoulder blade, totaling $2$.

clavicle (2)

An $S$-shaped long bone that connects the sternum to the scapula, commonly called the collarbone, totaling $2$.

Atlas (C1)

The first cervical vertebra ($C1$), which lacks a vertebral body and spinous process, and articulates directly with the occipital condyles to support the skull.

Axis (C2)

The second cervical vertebra ($C2$), characterized by the odontoid process (dens), around which the atlas rotates.

thoracic vertebrae (12)

The $12$ vertebrae ($T1$ to $T12$) located in the chest region that possess costal facets for articulation with the ribs.

lumbar vertebrae (5)

The $5$ large, heavy vertebrae ($L1$ to $L5$) located in the lower back engineered to bear body weight.

sacrum

A large, triangular bone at the base of the spine formed by the fusion of $5$ sacral vertebrae.

Vertebralsternal ribs 7pairs

The true ribs (pairs $1$ through $7$) that attach directly to the sternum by their individual costal cartilages.

vertebralchondral ribs 3pairs

The false ribs (pairs $8$, $9$, and $10$) that attach indirectly to the sternum via the costal cartilage of rib $7$.

vertebral ribs 2 pairs

The floating ribs (pairs $11$ and $12$) that have no anterior attachment to the sternum or other costal cartilages.

humerus (2)

The single long bone of the upper arm articulating proximally with the glenoid cavity of the scapula and distally with the radius and ulna, totaling $2$.

ulna (2)

The longer, medial bone of the forearm in anatomical position, featuring the olecranon and trochlear notch, totaling $2$.

radius (2)

The lateral bone of the forearm in anatomical position, articulating with the capitulum proximally and forming the main wrist joint distally, totaling $2$.

Carpals (16)

The wrist bones arranged in two rows, totaling $16$ in the human body ($8$ in each wrist).

pisiform (2)

A small, pea-shaped sesamoid carpal bone resting on the anterior surface of the triquetrum, totaling $2$.

triquetal (2)

A pyramid-shaped carpal bone situated on the medial side of the proximal carpal row, totaling $2$.

scaphoid (2)

A boat-shaped carpal bone located on the lateral (radial) side of the proximal carpal row, totaling $2$.

hamate (2)

A wedge-shaped carpal bone in the distal row distinguished by its prominent anterior hook (uncus), totaling $2$.

capitate (2)

The largest of the carpal bones, centrally located in the distal row of the wrist, totaling $2$.

trapezoid (2)

The smallest bone in the distal row of carpals, positioned between the trapezium and capitate, totaling $2$.

trapezium (2)

The irregular, four-sided carpal bone of the distal row that articulates with the first metacarpal of the thumb, totaling $2$.

metacarpals (10)

The $5$ cylindrical bones of the palm articulating between the carpal bones and the proximal phalanges, totaling $10$ in both hands.

proximal phalanges of the hand (10)

The proximal segment of the finger bones that articulate with the metacarpals, totaling $10$ ($5$ per hand).

middle phalanges of the hand (8)

The intermediate bones of digits $2$ through $5$ in the hands (absent in the thumb), totaling $8$ ($4$ per hand).

ilium (2)

The largest and uppermost flattened bone of the pelvis (os coxae), totaling $2$.

pubis (2)

The anterior part of the hip bone forming the pubic arch and pubic symphysis, totaling $2$.

femur (2)

The thigh bone; the longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the human body, totaling $2$.

patella (2)

The large sesamoid bone situated within the quadriceps tendon anterior to the knee joint (kneecap), totaling $2$.

tibia (2)

The large, medial, weight-bearing bone of the lower leg (shinbone), totaling $2$.

fibula (2)

The slender, lateral non-weight-bearing bone of the lower leg, totaling $2$.

tarsals (14)

The cluster of $7$ bones in each ankle and proximal foot, totaling $14$ in the human skeleton.

calcaneus (2)

The largest tarsal bone that forms the prominence of the heel, totaling $2$.

navicular (2)

A boat-shaped tarsal bone of the foot situated between the talus and the cuneiform bones, totaling $2$.

cuboid (2)

A cube-shaped tarsal bone located on the lateral side of the foot between the calcaneus and the fourth and fifth metatarsals, totaling $2$.

lateral cuneiform (2)

The wedge-shaped tarsal bone positioned between the intermediate cuneiform and cuboid, totaling $2$.

intermediate cuneiform (2)

The middle wedge-shaped tarsal bone articulating between the medial and lateral cuneiforms, totaling $2$.

medial cuneiform (2)

The largest and most medial of the three cuneiform tarsal bones, totaling $2$.

proximal phalanges of the foot (10)

The proximal bones of the toes that articulate with the heads of the metatarsals, totaling $10$ ($5$ per foot).

middle phalanges of the foot (8)

The intermediate bones present in the second through fifth toes (absent in the hallux), totaling $8$ ($4$ per foot).

supraorbital foramen

A bony opening or notch on the superior margin of the eye orbit in the frontal bone for supraorbital vessels and nerves.

zygomatic process (arch)

A bony bridge or projection extending from the temporal/frontal bones that contributes to forming the cheek arch.

mastoid process

A conical, roughened prominence on the inferior temporal bone situated behind the external acoustic meatus.

styloid process

A slender, pointed bony projection extending downward and forward from the inferior surface of the temporal bone.

carotid foramen

A canal in the temporal bone through which the internal carotid artery enters the cranial cavity.

foramen magnum

The large opening in the base of the occipital bone through which the brainstem connects to the spinal cord.

external occipital protuberance

A prominent midline projection on the posterior surface of the occipital bone that serves as an attachment point for the nuchal ligament.

sella turcia

A saddle-shaped depression in the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone that accommodates the pituitary gland.

optic foramen

An opening in the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone through which the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery pass into the orbit.

coronal suture

The transverse serrated suture separating the frontal bone from the two parietal bones.

sagittal suture

The dense fibrous joint running along the midline of the skull vault between the two parietal bones.

lambdoidal suture

The inverted-$V$ suture uniting the occipital bone with the parietal bones on the posterior skull.

squamosal suture

The suture on each side of the skull uniting the squamous portion of the temporal bone with the parietal bone.

alveolar process (margin)

The thickened ridge of bone on the borders of the maxilla and mandible that contains the sockets (alveoli) for the teeth.

coronoid process (mandible)

The anterior, thin, pointed projection on the superior border of the mandibular ramus that serves as the insertion point for the temporalis muscle.

mandibular condyle (condylar process)

The posterior rounded articular head on the mandibular ramus that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone at the TMJ.

body of the mandible

The horizontal, curved, horseshoe-shaped portion of the mandible that forms the lower jaw and bears the lower teeth.

ramus of the mandible

The vertical quadrilateral part of the mandible extending upward from each side of the body.

mental foramen

A small opening on the anterolateral surface of the body of the mandible through which mental nerves and blood vessels pass.

Dens (C2 Axis)

The tooth-like odontoid process projecting superiorly from the body of the axis ($C2$) that acts as a pivot around which the atlas turns.

vertebral foramen

The large opening formed by the vertebral body and vertebral arch through which the spinal cord passes.

intervertebral foramen

The lateral opening formed between the pedicles of adjacent articulated vertebrae that transmits spinal nerves.

spinous process

A posterior projection arising from the junction of the laminae of a vertebra that serves as a muscle and ligament attachment site.

manubrium of the sternum

The broad, uppermost triangular segment of the sternum articulating with the clavicles and first pair of ribs.

body of the sternum

The long, flat, central segment of the breastbone articulating with ribs $2$ through $7$.

xiphoid process of the sternum

The small, cartilaginous/bony inferior tip of the sternum that serves as an attachment point for abdominal muscles.

sternoclavicular joint

The synovial articulation formed between the sternal end of the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum.

acromioclavicular joint

The joint formed by the articulation of the acromion of the scapula with the lateral (acromial) end of the clavicle.