Exam 1

spinal cord

the vertebral column protects the —

33

there are — total vertebrae

7

there are — cervical vertebrae

12

there are — thoracic vertebrae

5

there are — cervical vertebrae

5

there are — sacral vertebrae

4

there are — coccygeal vertebrae

sacral, coccygeal

the — and — vertebrae are fused

kyphoses

concave ventrally

lordoses

concave dorsally

thoracic, sacral

the — and — regions are kyphoses

cervical, lumbar

the — and — regions are kyphoses

ventrally

kyphoses are concave —

dorsally

lordoses are concave —

primary, thoracic, sacral

— curvatures are present in the fetus, and they are the — and — curves

vertebral body

primary curvatures are determined by the shape of the —

IV disc

secondary curvatures are determined by the shape of the —

lumbosacral angle

The — is the angle formed between the 5th lumbar vertebra (L5) and the sacrum.

kyphosis, lordosis

— and — are exaggerations of the normal spine curvatures

thoracic kyphosis

hunchback; erosion of the ventral vertebral body; loss of height

Lordosis

hollow back; weak musculature of abdominal wall; pregnancy

scoliosis

— is lateral curvature of the spine ± vertebral rotation

muscle weakness, vertebral, lower limb

scoliosis can develop from asymmetric —, abnormal — development, or asymmetric — length

ventral

the centrum is (ventral/dorsal)

inferiorly

the size of the vertebrae increases (superiorly/inferiorly)

dorsal

the vertebral arch is — to the body

lamina, pedicles

the vertebral arch is composed of the — and the —

7

a typical vertebrae has — processes projecting from the arch

inferiorly

the spinous process tends to angle (superiorly/inferiorly)

lamina

the spinous process is the junction of the —

pedicles, lamina

the transverse process is the junction of the — and —

dorsolaterally

the transverse processes project —

zygapophysial joint

the articular processes on the vertebrae form the —

pedicles, lamina

the articular processes on the vertebrae are the junction of the — and the —

facet

A — is a small, smooth, flat surface on a bone where it forms a joint with another bone.

facet

the zygapophysial joint is a — joint

process

projection or bump that sticks out from a bone; attachment point for muscles and ligaments

superior notch, inferior notch

the — and the — form the intervertebral foramen

intervertebral foramen

the superior notch and the inferior notch form the —

intervertebral foramen

An — is an opening between two adjacent vertebrae that allows a spinal nerve to exit the spinal column.

spinal nerves, vessels

the intervertebral foramen allows for a passageway for — and —

intervertebral foramen

the — houses the dorsal rot ganglion

body

the (part of vertebrae) functions to support body weight

transverse processes, spinous processes

the (part of vertebrae x 2) functions to allow muscle attachment and movement

articular processes

the (part of vertebrae) functions to restrict movement

vertebral arch

the (part of vertebrae) functions protect the spinal cord

uncus

The — is a small hook-shaped projection on the upper surface of the body of a cervical vertebra, specifically C3–C7

superiorly

the uncus on a cervical vertebra projects (superiorly/inferiorly)

cervical

the — vertebrae have transverse foramen

transverse foramen

the — allow for vertebral arteries to pass up to the brain

inferiorly

the cervical vertebrae’s spinous processes grow longer as we progress (superiorly/inferiorly)

superior articular facets

the — of the atlas articulate with the occipital condyles

atlas

C1 is known as the —

atlas

the — has no spinous process (allows for greater range of motion)

spinous process, body

the atlas has no — or —

lateral masses

instead of the body. the atlas has 2 —

dens

there is a facet on the anterior arch of the atlas for articulation with the —

axis

the dens is on the —

superiorly

the dens on the atlas projects (superiorly/inferiorly) from the body

anterior

the dens is on the — side of the axis

atlanto-axial

The function of the — joints is to allow you to rotate your head from side to side

median atlanto-axial

the — joint is found between the dens (odontoid process) of C2 and the anterior arch of C1

lateral atlanto-axial

The — joint is found between the inferior articular facets of C1 and the superior articular facets of C2

thoracic

the — vertebrae have articular facets for ribs on transverse processes

costal facets

the heart shaped body of the thoracic vertebrae has — for ribs

body, transverse process

the head of the rib articulates with the costal facet on the — of the vertebrae, whereas the tubercle of the rib articulates with the facet on the —

larger, smaller

the lumbar vertebrae have a — foramen than the thoracic vertebrae, but a — foramen than the cervical vertebrae

lumbar

the spinous process of the — vertebrae is short and hatchet-like to support more robust musculature

spinous processes

the median sacral crest is formed from fused —

vertebral foramen

the sacral canal is formed from fused —

S4, S5, spinous processes

the sacral hiatus is formed from — and — with no —

transverse processes

the lateral mass/crests are formed largely by the fused —

ala

the sacral — is a broad, flat craniolateral process that is the auricular surface for articulation with the ilium

lamina

the intermediate crest of the sacrum is formed by the fused —

anulus fibrosis

outer, fibrous ring of intervertebral disc made mainly of collagen fibers arranged in multiple concentric layers

nucleus pulposis

soft, gel-like center of intervertebral disc that helps absorb and distribute loads

right

the fibers of cartilage in intervertebral discs run at — angles

posterior

the nucleus pulposis is more (anterior/posterior)

atlas, axis

there is no intervertebral disc betwen the — and —

the last functional intervertebral disc is in

the thicknesses of the intervertebral discs vary relative to the

uncovertebral, synovial

— joints are found between certival vertebrae at the uncus and are similar to a — joint

anterior longitudinal ligament

The — is a broad, strong band of connective tissue that runs along the anterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs, from the skull to the sacrum.

stability

the main function of the anterior longitudinal ligament is —

posterior longitudinal ligament

The — is a long, relatively narrow ligament that runs along the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs, inside the vertebral canal.

posterior longitudinal ligament

the — prevents herniation of vertebral discs and hyperflexion

synovial planar

between the superior and inferior facets of the vertebrae, there are — joints

ligamentum flavum

the — is the ligament found between adjacent vertebral arches

interspinous

the — ligament is found between spinous processes

supraspinous

the — ligament connects the posterior tip of the spinous processes

intertransverse

the — ligament connects the tips of the transverse processes

weak, strong

the interspinous ligaments are (weak/strong) and the supraspinous ligaments are (weak/strong)

nuchal, supraspinous

above T1 is the — ligament and below T1 is the — ligament

occipital protuberance

the nuchal ligament extends from the —

atlanto-occipital

The —- joints are the paired joints between the atlas (C1) and the occipital bone of the skull.

atlanto-occipital membranes

The anterior and posterior — are ligaments that connect the atlas (C1) to the occipital bone and help stabilize the atlanto-occipital joint.

cruciate ligament

The — is a strong ligament in the upper cervical spine that stabilizes the dens (odontoid process) of C2 against the anterior arch of C1.

atlas, occipital bone

the atlanto-occipital joints are between the — and the —

atlas, axis

the atlanto-axial joints are between the — and the —