An Sci 101 Mid Term

animal science

the combo of disciplines that together comprise of the study of domestic animals

domestic animals

those species that have been brought under human control and that have adapted to life with humans

year animals were domesticated

dogs—> 15,000 BC

sheeps/goats—> 13,000 BC

cats—> 9,000 BC

cattle/pigs—>9,000-7,000 BC

horses—>3,500 BC

camels/oxen/donkeys—>4,000-3,000 BC

poultry—>2,000 BC

Transition of US Agriculture

Pre-1920’s—> labor intensive, family labor

1920’s—> WW1, farm labor shortages

1930’s—> Great Depression, migration of farmers west, rural electrification

1940’s —>WW2, labor shortages, farm mechanization, increase in farm size

1950-60’s—> green revolution, plant/animal breeding, nutrition, physiology

animal adaptation

the sum of changes an animal makes in response to its environment to survive

transhumance

the practice of moving animals from one grazing area to another in a seasonal cycle

food and agriculture organization of the UN (FAO)

largets autonomous agency within the UN, works to alleviate poverty and hunger, based in Rome

meat production by livestock type

pigs+poultry now —>70%

beef+buffalo now —>20%

global meat production

asia—>44%

europe—>17%

north+south america—>31%

edible by-products from animals

brain, heat, intestines, kidney, liver, lips, lungs, pancreas, spleen, stomach, tail, tallow, testes, tongue, udders, head meat

milk

provides protein, energy, minerals, and vitamins in diet

milk products

annual per capital whole milk equivalent consumption ranges from 0-750lbs, world milk production increasing by 2.5% annually

world hen egg production

asia—>64%

americas—>20%

europe—>12%

animal contributions of services and nonfood products

draft power→crop production, transportation, herding

storage in animals→capital, grains

conservation→grazing, seed distribution

pest control→weeding and insects in crops

cultural uses→exhibitions and sports

fiber→wool, hair, feathers

wastes→fertilizer, fuel, methane gas

power source

draft animals, in developing countries 50% of the arable land is tilled by draft animals(oxen, donkeys,horses,mules,camels)

body coverings

sheep→wool, persian lambskins

goats→cashmere, mohair

alpacas

renewable source

body wastes

manure as fertilizer, fuel(CH4), construction, urine as fertilizer and pest control

biomedical research

vaccine development, therapeutics(insulin, anesthetics, etc), physiology and diseases

cultural uses of animals

exhibition and spectator sports, companionship and service animals, social structure

types of adaptive chances

physiological→sweating, panting, altered metabolism

behavioral→seeking shade, huddling, migration

morphological→coat color, body size, ear size

genetic/evolutionary→heat tolerance, high-altitude adaptations

environmental stressors

climatic stress, nutritional stress, biological/internal stress, geographical/physical stress, social/management stress

heat stress and responses

sweating, drooling, high water consumption, low respiration rate, low feed intake, low rumination, low milk production, high rectal temp, low activity, more standing/restlessness

primitive agriculture

almost entire population has to produce its own food, hand labor, 3rd world

subsistence agriculture

half of the total pop engaged in farming, little mechanization and much hand/animal labor

developed agriculture

small portion of total pop, highly specialized and mechanized, 1st world

nomadism

an opportunistic and unpredictable herding movement system in response to environmental conditions

low-input systems

agricultural production systems relying primarily on on-farm resources such as pasture, forage, and family labor to reduce costs, lower output per animal, small systems

intensive systems

agricultural production systems relying heavily on purchased feed, technology, infrastructure, and specialized services to maximize efficiency and profitability, higher output per animal, large systems

digestible indispensable amino acid score(DIAAS)

a score reflecting the percentage of total daily requirement of the most limiting dietary indispensable amino acids contained in an amount of protein equivalent to the estimated average requirement

vertical integration

Tyson foods, 42 million broilers per week in 2025

dorsal

near the back of the animal

ventral

near the belly of the animal

cranial

near the head of the animal

caudal

near the tail of the animal

proximal

closer to the body of the animal, joint to body rather than joint to foot

distal

further from the body, joint to foot rather than joint to body

medial

near the midline of the body

lateral

further from the midline of the body

rostral

towards the muzzle of the animals head

palmar

the walking surface of the front paw or limb

plantar

walking surface of the hind paw or limb

animal behavior

an action or group of actions performed by an animal in response to internal or external stimuli

ethology

study of the behavior or animals

applied ethology

study of the behavior of animals managed by humans

ultimate analysis

causes of behavior include evolutionary history and adaptive function, species level

proximate analysis

on the individual level, sensory-motor and genetic development

relaxed selection

change in an animals environment eliminates or weakens a source of selection that was formerly important for the maintenance of a particular trait, traits can stay the same, be reduced,or become more variable

behavioral needs

animals will often be strongly motivated to perform innate behaviors(hard-wired through evolution, not learned), their performance is likely to benefit welfare

contractarian view

because animals cannot enter into mutual, contractual agreements, we have, at most, indirect ethical obligations to them

utilitarian view

we have direct ethical obligations towards animals, and we should maximize benefits v costs for both people and animals

relational view

we have direct ethical obligations toward animals, based on our relationship with the animals

respect for nature view

we have direct ethical obligations towards animals, we should protect the integrity of a species

animal rights view

we have direct ethical obligations towards animals, and it is never justifiable to sacrifice the interests of an animal to benefit another animal or human

sustainable intensification

producing more food on the same or less land, with fewer inputs per unit of output

4 pillars of food security

availability, access, utilization, stability

max dietary p level

.38%

animal health

a state of complete physical and psychological well-being, normal biological function, and the ability to reproduce and cope with environmental changes

disease

any state other than complete health

pathology

the study of the essential nature of diseases and especially of the structural and functional changes produced by them

etiology

the cause of disease of the study of the cause of disease

clinical signs

symptoms the animal exhibits that are different from normal function(fever, wieght loss, edema)

noninfectious diseases

injury, poor nutrition, allergies, arthritis, genetic causes, toxins, stress-related, metabolic disorders, aging-related

infectious diseases

microorganisms,parasites, prions

contagious

transmitted from animal to animal

noncontagious

cannot be spread directly from one animal to another(tetanus, botulism)

zoonotic diseases

infectious diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans

one health

a collaborative, multi-sectoral, and transdisciplinary approach, working at the local, regional, national, and global levels to achieve optimal health outcomes, recognizing the interconnection between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment

clinical

infectious disease in which clinical signs are expressed(allows identification of disease)

subclinical

no observable signs of disease are present(animals as pathogen carriers)

acute

sudden or sever in onset and effect on the animal

chronic

continuing over a long period of time or having a gradual effect

immune system barriers

skin, mucous membranes, linings of digestive+respiratory tracts

innate immunity(fast, non-specific)

white blood cells, plasma proteins, antimicrobial peptides, tear glands, inflammation

adaptive immunity(specific, long-lasting)

humoral and cell mediated immunity, basis for vaccination

GALT- gut associated lymphoid tissue

located in the laminate propria and submucosa layers of the gi tract, highest concentration and most organized structures found in the small intestine

passive immunity

transferred from mother to offspring via placenta, colostrum

active immunity

vaccination, exposure to infectious agent

subcutaneous/subq, sq

under the skin but on top of the muscle layer, least amount of damage to meat

intramuscular or im

into a major muscle mass, longer needle

genetics

the scientific study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms, transmission of traits from generation to generation, chemical makeup of genetic material, physical makeup of genetic material

gneomics

the scientific study of the entirety of an organisms genetic material, attempts to understand the structure and function of these sequences and of downstream biological products

nucleoside

base + sugar

nucleotide

base + sugar + phosphate

components of dna fragents

dna polymerase→an enzyme that forms the sugar-phosphate bond between adjacent nucelotides

primers→shot single stranded dna corresponding to ends of segment targeted for duplication

nucleotides

buffer→controlled pH

father of genetics

gregor mendel

phenotype

the physical appearance or biochemical characteristic of an organism as a result of the interaction of its genetics and the environment, expression of a trait

principle of independent assortment

alleles at different genes are inherited independently

incomplete dominance

an intermediate phenotype, mix of dominant and recessive

goals of beef cattle selection

growth, calving ease, feed efficiency, temperament, carcass merit, marbling, rib-eye area, fat thickness

goals of sheep selection

wool quality, fleece weight, growth, carcass merit, maternal weaning weight, carcass merit, survivability

goals of swine selection

litter size, milking behavior, longevity, growth, feed efficiency, carcass merit, survivability

goals of poultry selection

egg number, egg quality/stregth, feed efficiency, disease resistance, temperament, average daily gain, meat yield, breast meat yield, leg health, cardiovascular efficiency

carnivore

animals that mainly feed on the meat of other animals

omnivores

animals that are biologically able to eat both plants meats

herbivores

animals that only eat plants

simple monogastric

one-stomached animals

ruminants

have a rumen and chew their cud

hindgut fermenters

have an enlarged cecum

main sources of lipids/fats

oilseeds, purified fats, tallow, lard