exam 2 study help

intraceullar/extracellular fluids

what is total body water made up of

urine/feces

give examples of sensible water losses

respiration/evaporation

give examples of insensible water losses

ureters

what part of the urinary bladder uses peristalsis

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

what is RAAS?

increases

how does RAAS affect blood pressure

plant-based diets

what makes ruminant urine more alkaline that dogs/cats?

UPC

what test can confirm protein in urine

cortisol and creatinine

what two things are you confirming in a UCCR test

UPC

what is the gold standard test for checking proteinuria

glomerular, tubular, intestines

where are three places that protein can origante from in proteinuria

true

T/F; anal gland adenocarcinoma can cause hypercalcemia

glomerulus

A dog has a positive dipstick for protein, the sediment is inactive and the UPC is significantly elevated. Which located is most likely responsible

USG/ sediment

Urine sample is positive for protein, which combo would be most appropriate for further evaluation

Renal proteinuria

A dog had a proteinuria caused by damage to the nephron itself. Which category does this fall under

UTi

Give an example of post-renal proteinuria

Microalbuminuria

Which test detects very small amounts of albumin that may not be detected by a routine dipstick

Amlodipine

Which medication is the first treatment for proteinuria in cats

Urethral sphincter mechanism incontinence

An older spayed dog leaks urine primarily when laying down, which condition should be considered

ectopic ureter

A young animal has urinary incontinence, which condition should you consider

detrusor atony

A patient has a LMN lesion affecting the bladder, which finding would you expect?

LM bladder

Which bladder is generally easier to manually express

Difficult bladder expression

A patient has an UMN lesion affecting the bladder function, what is expected?

Pelvic

Which nerve is responsible for parasympathetic innervation of the detrusor muscle

hypogastric

Which nerve is associated with urethral contraction

ADH and aldosterone

what two hormones act on nephron and influence water reabsoprtion

Cl- and H+

What two ions follow the path of sodium in/out of the nephron?

Bicarbonate Resorption, hydrogen ion secretion

What are the two main methods the kidneys use to maintain blood pH homeostasis?

Diabetes mellitus, Kidney disease, Cushing's disease, Diabetes insipidus

What are four differential diagnoses for polydipsia?