CBAN Exam 1

3 general functions of the nervous system

sensory systems, motor systems, associational systems

sensory systems as a function of the nervous system

information about the state of an organism and its environment

motor systems as a function of the nervous system

organize and generate actions

associational systems as a function of the nervous system

link sensory and motor components, provide the basis for higher order brain functions (perception, attention, cognition, emotions, language, and rational thinking)

genomics

the analysis of complete DNA sequences for species

gene expression

DNA —→ mRNA —→ proteins

function of regulation of gene expression

uses promotors and introns to inhibit genes for cell differentiation

transcription and translation are important because

basic nervous system function, neurological disease

why do cells differentiate

gene expression and regulation, not gene makeup

golgi function

modifies and packages proteins for cell use

humans have ____ genes but ____ are expressed in the developing or mature nervous system

20,000, 14,000

reticular theory

camillo golgi - each nerve cell is connected to the next by protoplasmic links (continuous nervous system)

neuron doctrine

santiago ramon y cajal and charles sherrington - nerve cells are discrete entities that communicate with each other by means of specialized contacts

cerebellar purkinje cells

LOTS of dendrites

nerve cells

specialized for electrical signaling over long distances

glial cells

supporting cellst

axons

send signal, myelinated

dendrites

absorb signal

convergence

number of inputs to a single neuron

divergence

number of targets innervated by a single neuron

lack of dendrites leads to

less input (innervated by one or a few nerve cells)

short axons

interneurons or local circuit neurons (IN BRAIN)

long axons

projection neurons - extend to distant targets

action potential

carries across long distances, all or nothing, axon hillock to axon terminal

types of synaptic transmissions

chemical, electrical

chemical synapse

most abundant

electrical synapse

rare, special functions

synaptic vesicles

package neurotransmitters

reuptake

removes neurotransmitters from cleft to prevent activation of AP when not needed

types of glial cells

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes/schwann cells, microglial cells, glial stem cells

astrocytes

remove neurotransmitters at synapse

oligodend

produce myelin and wrap axons in CNS

schwann

produce myelin and wrap axons in PNS

microglial cells

remove cellular debris and secrete cytokines - immune cells of nervous system

glial stem cells

retain capacity to proliferate and produce new cells

differentiated cells CANNOT do

mitosis

afferent neurons

carry info from PNS to CNS

efferent neurons

carry info from CNS to PNS

interneurons

between aff and off

action potential is

a change in charge across a membrane (membrane potential)

electrophysiological recording can give

a more detailed picture of myotatic reflex

types of electrophysiological recording

extracellular and intracellular

how does electrophysiological recording work

stimulate one are and record from another

functional brain imaging uses ___ and is ___

MRIs, non invasive method of measuring brain activity

structural imaging

CT, MRI, DTI

functional brain imaging

fMRI, PET, EEG, MEG

brain stimulation

TES, TMS

CT

uses X-rays

MRI

uses magnets and aligns H atoms

DTI

images white matter of brain

fMRI

same scanner as common MRI, but measures concentration of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to see where activity takes place

PET

radioactive molecule (glucose) injected, good for tumors

EEG

measures electrical signals from brain, in real time, bad spacial resonance, good temporal resonance

MEG

measures magnetic signals of brain, less noisy than EEG, more costly, good temp bad spacial

TES

transcranial electrical stimulation

TMS

transcranial magnetic stimulation

PNS divisions

somatic motor division and autonomic motor division

somatic motor divison

motor axons that connect the brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscles

parts of autonomic motor system

sympathetic, parasympathetic, enterica

autonomic motor division

cells and axons that innervate smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

sympathetic NS

fight or flight

parasympathetic NS

rest and digest

enteric NS

neurons in gut wall

ganglia

nerve cell bodies that reside in the PNS

nerves

bundles of peripheral axons

nuclei

local accumulations of neurons (cell bodies) within the CNS

tracts

groups of axons of the CNS; analogous to nerves in PNS

gray matter

any accumulation of cell bodies in the CNS

white matter

axon tracts - myelin