Comm Theory | Last na Lord!

Situational Theory of Publics

this theory aims to help institutions and organizations identify whom they should consider as publics, and then to see how those publics engage in communication behaviors such as information seeking and processing (Grunig, 2003)

Problem Recognition

It is when a person identifies and recognizes underlying problems that they may or may not encounter and thinks about ways to solve these looming problems.

Constraint Recognition

It is when the person recognizes that the factors outside their control are limiting their actions. it can either be physical or psychological.

Physical Constraints

Examples of this constraints are physical disabilities, lack of money and shelter, and no accessibility to roads and bridges.

Psychological Constraints

Examples of this constraints can be lacking motivation, low self-esteem, lack of interest, and low self-efficacy (Witte & Allen, 2000).

Level of Involvement

It is the person’s connection to a specified problem. A person’s _______ is dependent on how relevant or important the problem is for that person.

Muted Group Theory

• this theory explains how certain groups in society may have difficulty expressing themselves because the dominant group establishes the language, communication practices, and cultural norms that determine which voices are recognized and understood

• is a communication theory associated with anthropologists Edwin Ardener and Shirley

  Ardener, and later developed and applied to feminist communication scholarship by Cheris Kramarae.

• The theory emerged from anthropological discussions in the 1970s and became influential in feminist communication studies.

Edwin Ardener

he observed that dominant social structures can influence which groups' perspectives are expressed and represented.

Shirley Ardener

She contributed to the development of muted group perspectives through anthropological work on gender and society.

Cheris Kramarae

he applied the theory to communication, emphasizing how women and other less powerful groups may be disadvantaged by language and communication systems shaped by dominant groups

Dominant Group

A group with greater social, institutional, or cultural power to influence language, decisions, and accepted communication practices.

Muted Group

A group whose experiences and ideas receive less recognition or whose members face barriers to communicating on equal terms.

Mutedness

it is not the same as being naturally quiet. It refers to unequal opportunities to communicate, influence decisions, and have one's experiences understood.

Ridicule

Making fun of a person's ideas, accent, identity, or communication style.

Control

Limiting who may speak, participate, or make decisions.

Dismissal

Treating a person's experiences or concerns as unimportant.

Exclusion

Leaving particular groups out of discussions, media representation, or decision-making.

Pressure To Conform

Expecting people to adopt the dominant group's language or communication style before their ideas will be accepted.

Uncertainty Reduction Theory

• this theory explain how communication is used to reduce uncertainties between strangers engaging in their first conversation together.

• this theory was initially presented as a series of axioms, universal truths which do not require proof and theorems, which describe the relationships uncertainty and several communication factors.

Charles Berger

• he is more recognized for creating the Uncertainty Reduction Theory in 1975.

• is an American professor emeritus of communication at University of California, Davis, USA.

• contends that our drive to reduce uncertainty about new acquaintances gets a boost from any of three prior conditions: anticipation of fiture interaction, incentive values, and deviance.

1975

Charles Berger is more recognized for creating the Uncertainty Reduction Theory in what year?

Charles Berger and Richard Calabrese

They created Uncertainty Reduction Theory.

Denise Solomon

She stated that “a core assumption of uncertainty reduction theory is that people are driven to increase the predictability of their own and their communication partner’s behavior” 2008

Uncertainty

Assumptions |

• is an aversive state, generating cognitive stress.

Interpersonal Communication

Assumptions |

• is a developmental process that occurs through stages of relational development.

• is the primary means of uncertainty reduction.

Cognitive Uncertainty

Types of Uncertainty |

• pertains to the level of uncertainty associated with the cognition (beliefs and attitudes) of each other in the situation. Uncertainty is high in initial interactions because individuals are not aware of the beliefs and attitude of the other party.

Behavioral Uncertainty

Types of Uncertainty |

• pertains to the “extent to which behavior is predictable in a given situation” (we behave in accordance to the situation we are in)

Proactive Uncertainty Reduction

Process of Uncertainty Reduction |

• making predictions of the most likely alternative actions the other person might take, is strategic communication planning prior to interaction. In initial meetings, people attempt to predict what the other may want to hear based on the meaning they acquired from previous statements, observations, or information ascertaine

Retroactive Uncertainty Reduction

Process of Uncertainty Reduction |

• is the process of analyzing the situation post interaction, which refers to making explanations for the other person's behavior and interpreting the meaning of behavioral choices

The Entry Stage

Stages of Relationship Development |

• is characterized by the use of behavioral norms. Meaning individuals begin interactions under the guidance of implicit and explicit rules and norms, such as pleasantly greeting someone or laughing at ones innocent jokes. The contents of the exchanges are often dependent on cultural norms. The level of involvement will increase as the strangers move into the second stag

The Personal Stage

Stages of Relationship Development |

• occurs when strangers begin to explore one another's attitudes and beliefs. Individuals typically enter this stage after they have had several entry stage interactions with a stranger. One will probe the other for indications of their values, morals and personal issues. Emotional involvement tends to increase as disclosure

The Exit Stage

Stages of Relational Development |

• the former strangers decide whether they want to continue to develop a relationship. If there is no mutual liking, either can choose not to pursue a relationship.

Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann

• the German political scientist, contributes the famous model called "Spiral of Silence."

• she was the President of the "World Association for Public Opinion Research" from 1978 to 1980.

Public Opinion Organization

The organization founded by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann and her husband in Germany in 1947.

World Association for Public Opinion Research

The international organization whose presidency Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann held from 1978 to 1980.

Majority

The type of opinion that receives greater attention and becomes more dominant in society according to the theory.

Minority

The group of people who may lose confidence in expressing their views because they feel alone or unsupported.

Micro level

The level of explanatory process that focuses on individuals and their personal fear of expressing opinions.

Public opinion in mass media

The communication platform that may give greater coverage to majority opinions and less coverage to minority opinions.

1947

the year when Neumann and her husband founded the "Public Opinion Organization" in Germany.

Fear of isolation

The level of explanatory process that focuses on individuals and their fear of expressing opinions.

Spiral of Silence Theory

this theory describes a dynamic process, where there is an affirmation about public opinion in mass media, which gives more coverage for the majorities in the society and significantly less coverage for minorities.

Social Presence Theory

• this theory explains how communication media differ in their ability to make people feel that another real person is psychologically and socially present during an interaction.

• this theory is about how strongly a communication method creates the feeling that you are interacting with a real, socially connected person rather than simply receiving information through technology.

Communication Channels

• the Social Presence theory suggests that _______ vary in their degree of social presence. A medium with greater social presence tends to feel warmer, more personal, and more immediate.

John Short, Ederyn Williams, and Bruce Christie

they developed the Social Presence Theory in 1976

Communication

this does not only involve the exchange of information. It also involves the feeling that another person is present, accessible, and emotionally connected to us.

Social Presence

• refers to the degree to which another person is perceived as being real, present, and socially connected during communication.

• This is the degree to which a communication partner is perceived as a real and socially present person.

High Social Presence

it makes an interaction feel more personal.

Communication Medium

is the channel through which people communicate.

Interpersonal Cues

are signals that communicate feelings, attitudes, relationships, and intentions.

Immediacy

refers to the degree of closeness or directness experienced during communication.

Warmth

refers to the degree to which communication feels friendly, personal, and emotionally connected.

Psychological Presence

Social presence is not simply about physical distance. Two people may be physically separated but still experience strong social presence.

Joseph B. Walther

he developed the Social Information Processing Theory in 1992

Computer-Mediated Communication

SIPT explains how people develop relationships and communicate through _______, such as online messaging, email, social media, and other digital platforms.

Social Information Processing Theory

• this theory explains that people can develop interpersonal relationships online, even when communication does not include physical presence, facial expressions, gestures, or vocal cues

• The theory challenges the idea that online communication is automatically less personal than face-to-face communication.

• this theory states that people can develop meaningful interpersonal relationships through online communication by adapting to the available social cues and using repeated interaction over time

Impersonal

Walther argued that computer-mediated communication is not necessarily ________.

Social Cues

are pieces of information that help people understand another person's feelings, personality, intentions, or relationship with them.

Time

it is very important in SIPT

Hyperpersonal Communication

This refers to situations where online communication can sometimes become more personal, intimate, or emotionally intense than face-to-face communication.

Communication Accommodation Theory

• this theory states that people modify their communication behaviors to either: become more similar to others, or emphasize differences from others.

• in simple term people adjust the way they communicate depending on the person or group they are interacting with.

Convergence

happens when a person adjusts their communication to become more similar to another person's communication style.

Divergence

happens when people deliberately emphasize differences between themselves and others.

Maintenance

occurs when a person does not change their communication style, even though the other person has a different communication style.

Overaccommodation

occurs when a person adjusts their communication too much or in a way that may be inappropriate, patronizing, or offensive.

Agenda-Setting Theory

In this theory, it occurs through a cognitive process known as “accessibility.” Media provides information that is the most relevant food for thought, portraits the significant issues of society, and reflects people’s minds.

Donald L. Shaw

Proponents of Agenda-Setting Theory are; Maxwell McCombs and who?

T

T or F

• Maximum numbers get more vocal space in society, and lesser numbers become less vocal space or become silent.

T

T or F

• Spiral of Silence theory has both micro level and macro level explanatory processes.

T

T or F

• Spiral of Silence theory It helps in raising questions about considering the role and responsibility of media in society.

T

T or F

• Spiral of Silence Theory does not consider the other explanation of silencing. In some cases, the person may feel the majority’s ideas or opinion is much better than his own view.

Stage 1: Initial Interaction

SIPT suggests that relationships can develop through several stages |

• In this stage people begin communicating.

Stage 2: Information Exchange

SIPT suggests that relationships can develop through several stages |

• In this stage they begin sharing personal and social information.

Sender

• The person can carefully construct messages.

Receiver

• These may idealize the sender based on limited information.

Channel

• The communicator has time to edit, revise, and carefully select messages.

Feedback

• Repeated positive interactions can strengthen the relationship.

Adaptation

The concept that explains how people adjust their communication strategies to the limitations and possibilities of a communication medium.

Social Information Processing Theory

The process through which people adapt their communication behavior to develop meaningful relationships despite the limited social cues available online.

Gatekeepers

these are the powerful authority who ensure suitable materials are disseminated to the masses because some issues are essential to the media but not to the masses.

Priming

Agenda-Setting Theory | Priming or Framing

• the media gives the utmost importance to a particular event such that it gives people the impression that that specific news is the most important one. This is done daily. The selected news report is carried on like a heading or covered regularly for months.

Framing

Agenda-Setting Theory | Priming or Framing

• is a process of selective control.

• it deals with how people attach importance to certain news. For example, in the case of an atack, defeat, win, and loss, the media frames the news in such a way that people perceive it from a different angle.

Third-Person Effect Theory

• The theory suggests that when people encounter persuasive communication, they often perceive the message as having a greater effect on other people than on themselves. This perception can influence how they behave, what policies theysupport, and how they respond to media messages.

• it proposes that people tend to perceive persuasive media messages as having: a greater influence on other people than on themselves.

W. Phillips Davison

Who proposed The Third-Effect Theory in 1983 in his article The Third-Person Effect in Communication.

Third Person

it refers to other people or a generalized group of people who are perceived as being more susceptible to media influence.

First Person - Self

The Three Persons in the Theory |

• This refers to how an individual perceives the effect of a media message on themselves.

Second Person - Specific Others

The Three Persons in the Theory |

• This refers to people whom the individual personally knows, such as friends, classmates, family members, or colleagues.

Third Person - Generalized Others

The Three Persons in the Theory |

• This refers to people outside the individual's immediate social circle.

Perceptual Component

• This refers to people's belief that a media message affects others more strongly than it affects themselves.

• It is the first major component of the theory.

Perceived Media Literacy

People who believe they understand media may consider themselves less vulnerable to persuasion.

Social Distance

The perceived difference between oneself and another person can increase third-person perceptions.

Third-Person Effects

These are often associated with messages that people consider negative,harmful, undesirable, or socially unacceptable

Face-Negotiation Theory

This theory explains how people from different cultures manage conflict and communication while trying to maintain face.

Stella Ting-Toomey

Face-Negotiation Theory was developed by ________,particularly to explain how cultural differences influence people's approaches to conflict.

Culture, Face, Conflict Management

Face-Negotiation Theory connects three important concepts which are?

Face

In communication, it refers to a person's desired public self-image or social identity.

Facework

it is what people do through communication to manage identity and social dignity.

Culture

Face-Negotiation Theory |

• One of the most important ideas in the theory is that ______ influences how people understand face and manage conflict.

Face Saving

it refers to communication designed to prevent or reduce embarrassment, humiliation, or damage to someone's social identity.

Selective Perception Theory

• It is a theory that explains how people tend to notice, interpret, and remember information based on their existing beliefs, experiences, attitudes, interests, and expectations. Because people cannot process every piece of information around them, they naturally focus on information that seems relevant or meaningful to them.

• In communication, this means that two people can receive the same message