Cleavage, Gastrulation, and Patterning in Xenopus

vegetal

 

The Xenopus egg contains a large amount of yolk, which is concentrated toward the — pole.

animal

cleavage is easier at the — pole

vegetal

cleavage is harder at the — pole

animal

the blastocoel is positioned towards the — pole

blastula

at the — stage, all germ layers have been specified

specified

at the blasula stage, all germ layers have been —

ectoderm

animal cap cells contain the (what germ layer?)

mesoderm

 

If the endoderm and ectoderm contact each other, we have the induction of the —

vegetal

Vg1 is localized to the — pole

everywhere, vegetal

 

In the immature oocyte, Vg1 is — in the cell

 

By the end of maturation, Vg1 appears to be only in the periphery of the — pole

actin

in late stage oocytes, disrupting — causes Vg1 to not stay localized

microtubules

Vg1 stays localized after the destabilization of — in the late stage oocyte

mid-stage

when you disrupt MTs in — oocytes, Vg1 RNA doesn’t stay localized at the vegetal pole

Vg1

— is the factor that induces the mesoderm formation

30

Cortical rotation: The egg cortex moves approximately —° relative to the inner cytoplasm.

after

cell division starts (before/after) cortical rotation

dissheveled

cortical rotation redistributes dorsal determinants (—) to the side that is opposite of the sperm entry

GSK-3

— normally promotes b-catenin degradation

b-catenin

GSK-3 promotes — degradation

b-catenin

inhibiting GSK-3 leads to enrichment of —

organizer

b-catenin enters to nuclei of dorsal blastomeres when it isn’t being inhibited by GSK-3, leading to the formation of the —

b-catenin

— enters to nuclei of dorsal blastomeres when it isn’t being inhibited by GSK-3, leading to the formation of the organizer

animal

The sperm always enters in the same site in the — pole

wnt

when the — signaling pathway is activated, B-catenin is able to enter the nucleus and act as a transcription factor

wnt

B-catenin is an effector of the — signaling pathway

twinned embryo

what develops when b-catenin is injected into the ventral side of the embyro

dissheveled

— particles move during cortical rotation

inactive

when there is no wnt ligant bound to the frizzled receptor, disheveled is —

GSK-3

when there is no wnt ligant bound to the frizzled receptor, disheveled is inactive. when disheveled is inactive, — phosphorylates B-catenin, marking it for degradation

inactive

when disheveled is —, GSK-3 phosphorylates B-catenin, marking it for degradation

GSK-3

when wnt ligand binds to frizzled, disheveled is active and represses —

high

when disheveled is active, B-catenin is —

belly piece

pieces that are missing the gray crescent become a —

dorsal vegetal blastomeres

if cortical rotation is blocked by UV radiation, the embryo can be saved by transplanting —

twinned embryo

if a normal embryo receives a transplant of a dorsal lip, you get a —