Metabolism introduction

GLUT- 4

heart, skeletal muscles and adipose tissues, insulin stimulated /dependent.

Oligomycin

________ inhibits complex V (ATP synthase)

GLUT- 2:

liver, kidneys, pancreatic B cells, lateral border of small intestine

insulin

No ________= transporters are endocytosed, form intracellular pool, glucose uptake reduced.

Carboxin inhibits

complex II (succinate dehydrogenase)

Citric acid cycle

________ (krebs cycle): aerobic condition, pyruvate to active acetate for oxidation through ________.

Uncouples in ETC

2,4 dinitrophenol

Only source of ATP a synthesis under anaerobic condition

glycolysis

B-cells

secretion of insulin

Glucose homeostat

liver, kidney

GLUT-3

brain

GLUT-4

heart, skeletal muscles and adipose tissues, insulin stimulated/ dependent

Citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)

aerobic condition, pyruvate to active acetate for oxidation through citric acid cycle

Hexose monophosphate pathway ( HMP)

production of @@pentoses@@ and @@NADPH@@

Uronic acid pathway

production of uronic acids

Disorders of carbohydrate digestion

Inherited lactase deficiency

Inherited sucrase deficiency

GLUT-1

red blood cells

GLUT-3

brain

GLUT-5

small intestine, kidneys, sodium-dependent

Glycolysis

major pathway for oxidation

produces @@pyruvate@@ under aerobic condition and @@lactate@@ under anaerobic condition

Anabolism

all the biosynthetic pathways which are concerned with synthesis of macromolecules

Catabolism

all degradative process whereby complex molecules are broken into simpler compounds.

Site of Electron Transport Chain

inner mitochondrial membrane

Site of Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle

mainly in the mitochondria, **except** succinate dehydrogenase (inner mitochondrial membrane)

Citric acid cycle:

series of biochemical reactions that are responsible for complete oxidation of the acetyl residue.

Production of Citric acid cycle

2 molecules of CO2, 3 molecules of NADH, 1 molecule of FADH2, 1 molecule of ATP

final common metabolic pathway for oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (amino acids)

Citric acid cycle

Major pathways for oxidation

1. Glycolysis
2. Citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle)

Minor pathways for oxidation

1. Hexose monophosphate pathway ( HMP)
2. Uronic acid pathway

for rapid uptake and release of glucose

GLUT- 2

Uncouplers in ETC:

increase permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to protons

Uncouplers example

2,4-dinitrophenol

Inhibits complex III

Antimycin A and dimercaprol

inhibit complex IV (cytochrome oxidase)

H2S, CO and cyanide

Inhibits complex V (ATP synthase)

Oligomycin

Inhibits complex I (NADH dehydrogenase)

Barbiturates