science benchmark

Gravity

The force by which a planet or other celestial body attracts objects toward its center.

Weight

The force exerted by gravity on an object, calculated using the formula: Weight (W) = mass (m) × acceleration due to gravity (g).

Acceleration due to gravity (g)

Approximately 9.81 m/s² on the surface of Earth.

Kinetic Energy (KE)

The energy of an object due to its motion, given by the formula: KE = (1/2) mv².

Potential Energy (PE)

The stored energy of an object based on its position or state, calculated as PE = mgh.

Magnetism

A physical phenomenon produced by the motion of electric charge, resulting in attractive and repulsive forces.

Magnets

Objects that produce a magnetic field and have a north and south pole.

Electromagnets

Magnets created by coiling a wire around a core and running electric current through it.

Electricity

The flow of electric charge, typically measured in amperes (A).

Ohm's Law

Defines the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) in a circuit: V = IR.