S03 Routes of Administration I Learning Objectives

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What are the two main categories of dosage forms based on route of administration?

Enteral and parenteral.

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What does the term "enteral" refer to?

Dosage forms administered into the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What does the term "parenteral" mean literally?

Next to or beside the enteral/intestine

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

Which three sites are classified as enteral routes?

The mouth (oral & sublingual), the stomach (gastric), and the rectum.

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What does the Latin term "per oral" (per os) mean?

Gastrointestinal tract via mouth.

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What prescription abbreviation is commonly used to indicate oral administration?

po

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What parenteral route refers to injection directly into a vein?

Intravenous

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What parenteral route refers to injection directly into an artery?

Intraarterial

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What parenteral route refers to injection into the heart?

Intracardiac

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What parenteral route refers to injection into the spine?

Intraspinal or intrathecal.

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What parenteral route refers to injection into a bone?

Intraosseous

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What parenteral route refers to injection into a joint?

Intraarticular

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What parenteral route refers to injection into the joint fluid area?

Intrasynovial

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What parenteral route refers to injection into the skin layer?

Intracutaneous or intradermal.

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What parenteral route refers to injection beneath the skin?

Subcutaneous

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What parenteral route refers to injection into a muscle?

Intramuscular

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What route refers to drug application on the skin surface?

Epicutaneous (topical) or transdermal.

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What route refers to drug application to the conjunctiva?

Conjunctival

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What route refers to drug application into the eye?

Intraocular

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What route refers to drug application into the nose?

Intranasal

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What route refers to drug application into the ear?

Aural

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What route refers to drug application into the lung?

Intrarespiratory

Learning Objective 1: Know the different routes of drug administration

What route refers to drug application into the vagina?

Vaginal

Learning Objective 2: Review the physiology of various routes

Where are orally administered drugs primarily absorbed in the GIT?

Small intestine.

Learning Objective 2: Review the physiology of various routesWhy does the small intestine serve as the primary site for oral drug absorption?

large surface area and long residence time.

Learning Objective 2: Review the physiology of various routes

Why does little drug absorption occur in the stomach

small surface area and short residence time.

Learning Objective 2: Review the physiology of various routes

What is first-pass metabolism (first-pass effect)?

hepatic or intestinal degradation of orally administered drugs before reaching systemic circulation.

Learning Objective 2: Review the physiology of various routes

Through which blood vessel do orally absorbed drugs travel to reach the liver?

Portal vein.

Learning Objective 2: Review the physiology of various routes

Where is a sublingual drug formulation placed in the oral cavity?

Under the tongue.

Learning Objective 2: Review the physiology of various routes

Where is a buccal drug formulation placed in the oral cavity?

Between the cheek and gingivae adjacent to the teeth.

Learning Objective 2: Review the physiology of various routes

Into which tissue layer are intradermal injections administered?

Into the dermis, just beneath the epidermis.

Learning Objective 2: Review the physiology of various routes

Into which anatomical site is a tuberculin test injected intradermally?

Anterior surface of the forearm.

Learning Objective 2: Review the physiology of various routes

Into which tissue layer are subcutaneous injections placed?

The fat layer immediately under the skin.

Learning Objective 2: Review the physiology of various routes

Where are intramuscular injections placed anatomical-wise?

Deep into skeletal muscle, away from nerves and blood vessels.

Learning Objective 2: Review the physiology of various routes

Into which vessels are intravenous injections administered for rapid response?

Large proximal veins.

Learning Objective 2: Review the physiology of various routes

Into which specific space is an intrathecal injection instilled?

The spinal subarachnoid space.

Learning Objective 2: Review the physiology of various routes

Via what anatomical interspace is an intrathecal injection administered?

vertebral interspace.

Learning Objective 2: Review the physiology of various routes

Into which anatomical space is an epidural injection administered?

The epidural space near the spinal column.

Learning Objective 3: Understand the pros and cons of various routes of administration

What are two primary advantages of the oral route?

convenient/noninvasive and allows self-administration.

Learning Objective 3: Understand the pros and cons of various routes of administration

What are three disadvantages of oral administration?

Drug degradation in GIT, interaction with food, unpleasant taste, or reduced absorption from first-pass metabolism.

Learning Objective 3: Understand the pros and cons of various routes of administration

What is a major advantage of buccal and sublingual routes regarding systemic circulation?

They avoid first-pass metabolism and GIT degradation.

Learning Objective 3: Understand the pros and cons of various routes of administration

Can sublingual and buccal routes be used in unconscious patients?

Yes

Learning Objective 3: Understand the pros and cons of various routes of administration

What is a disadvantage of buccal and sublingual administration regarding drug stability?

It is not suitable for drugs that degrade in saliva.

Learning Objective 3: Understand the pros and cons of various routes of administration

What requirement must all injection-dependent parenteral formulations meet regarding purity?

They must be sterile and pyrogen-free.

Learning Objective 3: Understand the pros and cons of various routes of administration

What are two advantages of parenteral routes over oral routes?

Avoids first-pass metabolism, usable in emergency/unconscious patients, or overcomes GI destruction/unreliable absorption.

Learning Objective 3: Understand the pros and cons of various routes of administration

What are two disadvantages of parenteral administration?

It is invasive, difficult to withdraw once given, or requires sterility.

Learning Objective 3: Understand the pros and cons of various routes of administration

What percentage bioavailability is guaranteed by intravenous injection?

100%.

Learning Objective 4: Identify the dosage forms and delivery systems for different routes of administration

How are gastric enteral drugs administered if not swallowed by mouth?

Through a nasogastric (NG) tube or a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube.

Learning Objective 4: Identify the dosage forms and delivery systems for different routes of administration

What solid dosage form is prepared by compression and contains medicinal substances?

Tablets

Learning Objective 4: Identify the dosage forms and delivery systems for different routes of administration

What solid dosage form encloses drug substances inside a hard or soft shell?

Capsules

Learning Objective 4: Identify the dosage forms and delivery systems for different routes of administration

What liquid dosage form consists of drugs dissolved in a vehicle to form a homogeneous mixture?

Solutions

Learning Objective 4: Identify the dosage forms and delivery systems for different routes of administration

What liquid dosage form consists of solid drug particles suspended in a suitable liquid vehicle?

Suspensions

Learning Objective 4: Identify the dosage forms and delivery systems for different routes of administration

What liquid dosage form consists of a mixture of water and oil?

Emulsions

Learning Objective 4: Identify the dosage forms and delivery systems for different routes of administration

What dosage form system is commonly used for transdermal drug delivery?

Patch, cream, or spray.

Learning Objective 4: Identify the dosage forms and delivery systems for different routes of administration

What dosage form systems are used for ocular drug delivery?

Drops or bioadhesives.

Learning Objective 4: Identify the dosage forms and delivery systems for different routes of administration

What dosage form delivery systems are used for pulmonary/nasal administration?

Aerosol or spray.

Learning Objective 4: Identify the dosage forms and delivery systems for different routes of administration

What dosage forms are used for vaginal and rectal administration?

Gel or suppository.

Learning Objective 4: Identify the dosage forms and delivery systems for different routes of administration

What parenteral USP designation refers to liquid preparations that are solutions?

[DRUG] Injection.

Learning Objective 4: Identify the dosage forms and delivery systems for different routes of administration

What parenteral USP designation refers to dry solids that yield solutions upon adding a vehicle?

[DRUG] for Injection.

Learning Objective 4: Identify the dosage forms and delivery systems for different routes of administration

What parenteral USP designation refers to liquid preparations dissolved or dispersed in an emulsion medium?

DRUG] Injectable Emulsion.

Learning Objective 4: Identify the dosage forms and delivery systems for different routes of administration

What parenteral USP designation refers to liquid preparations of solids suspended in a liquid medium?

[DRUG] Injectable Suspension.

Learning Objective 4: Identify the dosage forms and delivery systems for different routes of administration

What parenteral USP designation refers to dry solids that yield injectable suspensions upon adding a vehicle?

[DRUG] for Injectable Suspension.

Learning Objective 4: Identify the dosage forms and delivery systems for different routes of administration

What clinical indication is intra-arterial injection commonly used for?

Administering radiopaque contrast media to view an organ.

Learning Objective 4: Identify the dosage forms and delivery systems for different routes of administration

What clinical indication is intra-articular injection commonly used for?

Relieving joint pain.