Ketones & Aldehyded

IUPAC

ketone - ends in one, subsitituent is oxo

Aldehyde - ends in al, subsitutent is formyl, cycloparent and add carbaldehyde

making imine

Ket/Ald + Primary amine (RNH2

imine/schiff base - carbonyl with N and attached Carbons

oxime =N-OH

Hydrazone =N-NH2

making enamine

Ket/ald + secondary (R2NH

enamine - NR1R2, double bond attached where carbonyll base was

more substitueted side gets alkene

Hydrate

Ket/Ald + H2O > 2 OH where carbonyl

Acetal

Ald/Ket + 2/XS ROH & acid catalyst[H+], H20

> add 2 OR(ether) & H20

acetal mecanism

hemi acetal - protonate from acid, ROH attack carbonyl/O+, deprotanate what was just attached

acetal - OH into H20/leaving group, bond to H2O’s O and OH to make carbonyl, ROH attacks carbonyl, deprotonate to get 2 ORs

cyclic acetal

protect carbonyls

a chain with 2 Os to make a ring with the Os in it & water

imine mechanism

amine attacks carbonyl, O- protonated N loses H (forms carbinolamine), OH into water leaving group, Ns lone pair into carbonyl, arrow from bond to H20s O, remove proton from product

enamine mechanism

making cyanohydrin

KCN, HCl

HCN,

ketone > hydrazone > alkane (wolfkishner

cyanohydrin > amine/ Carboxylic

wittig

alkyl=PPh3

replace ketone O with alkyl

if wittig reagent has ewg biggests groups are trans in product

baeyer villiger oxidation

RCO3H

add ether o on side that is faster/highest of chart

H > tertiary> 2nd, phenol> primary>methyl

reduction to OH

Xs LiAlH4 2)H30+

acyl chloride >anhydride > ester > amide > CN

carboxylic acid

ROH

NH3

SOCL2

Carboxylic acid to

acyl chloride - Socl2

anhydride - acyl chloride

Ester - [H+], ROH

substituent to carboxylic

acyl chloride - H20

anhydride - H20

Ester - [H+] H20

amide - [H+] H20, heat

CN - [H+], H20, heat