UNIT 3 BIOLOGY

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What is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

an important compound that cells use to store and release energy

what are the 3 parts of ATP

adenine (nitrogen base), ribose (5-carbon sugar), 3 phosphate groups

Where is energy stored in ATP

in the chemical bonds between phosphate groups

What is Adenosine diphosphate

has 2 phosphate groups instead of 3.

How do you change ATP into ADP

Take away the 1 phosphate group from ATP.

when a cell has energy available what does it have to do to store small amounts of that energy

it adds phosphate groups to ADP molecules, producing ATP

ADP is like what kind of battery

partially charged

when a cell needs energy, how does it release it

it breaks the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups in ATP

ADP is like what kind of battery

rechargable battery

why is ATP a useful source of energy for cells

it can easily store and release energy by breaking and reforming bonds between phosphate groups

how to cells attain ATP

they produce it

how do plants get energy

photosynthesis, sunlight energy—> chemical energy stores in bonds of carbs

autotroph

organisms that make their own food. ex:plants like fern

heterotroph

organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things. ex: bird

what is special about autotrophs

they capture sunlight energy by photosynthesis and nearly all life on earth depends on them

hydolysis

using water to split a molecule

phosphorylation

adding a phosphate group to a molecule

exergonic

a reaction that releases energy

endergonic

a reaction that requires/absorbs energy

whats the chemical reaction for hydrolysis

ATP + Water—> ADP + phosphate + energy

why is water not a produce of hydrolysis

H and OH atoms become part of the products ADP and phosphate

in hydrolysis what is water used for

to split ATP into ADP and a phosphate

what does breaking ATP (hydrolysis) do with energy

releases energy

which has more stored energy, ADP or ATP

ATP has more bcs it has more phosphate groups so more bonds to store energy. Energy is released when when it is turned into ADP so it has less

what does breaking a bond do with energy

energy required

what does forming a bond do with energy

releases energy

phosphorylation formula

ADP + phosphate + energy—> ATP + water

what happens during phosphorylation

phosphate is added to ADP

does recharging ADP to ATP release or require energy

requires energy—> endergonic

energy in

phosphorylation

energy out

hydolysis

what is energy used for

muscle contractions, protein synthesis, cell divison, active transpirt, sending nerve signals, building RNA and DNA

which procees supply energy to recharge ADP and ATP

cellular respiration and photosynthesis

photosyentheiss

transforms solar energy (light) into chemical energy (glucose)

where does photosynthesis occur

chloroplasts

chemical equation (3 inputs, 2 outputs)

light, water, and co2 yield ocygen and glucose

what is needed for photoysthensis to occur

water, co2, light

what does the water do

light splits the water to release hydrogen ions and electrons needed to bond glucose together. plant releases left over oxyegn into atmosphere as waste gas.

light energy pslits H2O—> H+, e-+ O2 gas

what is the role of co2

carbon atoms in co2 are bonded togtehr to form glucose molecules

what is the role of light

solar energy is required to start photosynthesis.

visible/white light

consists of all colors of light (ROYGBV) with each color possessing a specific amount of energy.

which color has most energy

violet

which color has least energy

red

chloroplasts

cell organelles where photosynthesis occurs in plants—> resembles green mnms with stacks of plates inside

grana

stack of membrane bubbles where light dependent reactions occur (1st half of photosynthesis)

thylakoid membrane

each individual pancake-like bubble

stroma

fluid filled membrane space between grana where the calvin cycle or the light independent reactions occur (2nd half of photosynthesis)

chlorophyll

green pigments found embedded in thylakoid membrane (in chloroplasts) that can capture light energy

pigments

molecules that absorb the energy found in certain colors of light, while reflecting other colors of light

why do plants appear green

they only absorb the energy in certain wavelengths (colors) of light. If energy of a specific color is not absorbed, it is reflected. ex: green light reflects off of plants and into our eyes so we perceive green

absorbance

percentage of emergy captured by pigments

what colors of light have the highest amount of absorbance by the leaf

blue, blue-violet, orange-red

chlorophyll AnB have a low percentage absorbanece of which colors

green and yellow (not absorbed and instead reflected)

does the plant use the energy in reflected light

no

does the plant use the energy in absorbed light

yes

light dependent reactions

absorbs photons of light. reactions absorb solar energy and store it as chemical energy. Products are energy storing molecules: NADPH and ATP, O2 is released as a waste product

what is NADPH

a high electron carrier—> carries elecrons and hydrogen ions from LDR to LIT

light independent reactions

also called Calvin Cycle, creates sugars, uses energy in ATP and H+ electrons from NADPH and the carbon from CO2 gas to create the bonds in glucose

what do LDR and LIR reactions do

provide raw materials neccesary to produce everything that the plant cell needs (ex:n lipids, amino acids, cellulose)

MEMORIZE CHART OF LDR AND LIR

…

chloroplast

organelle where photsynthesis happens

grana

each stacj of membrane bubbles inside the chloroplast

thylakoid membranes

pancake like bubble

chlorophyll

pigent that helps electrons absorb light energy

ETC

electron transport chain—> transports energized electrons

ATP synthase

enyzme that produces ATP

KNOW THE FLOW OF ELECTRONS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

…

why is water importnat in photosynthesis

light splits water, releasing electrons, o2 and H ions

what does the movement of electrons and H atoms drive

production of ATP and NADPH

how does O2 leave the chlorpolast

as a waste gas into the atmosphere

what is the chemical energy in ATP and NADPH used for

to create energy storing bonds in glucose in the calvin cycle