Siya Gokhale Chapter 4: Integumentary System

What are the four functions of the skin?

Protection, sensory organ, temperature regulation, synthesis of vitamin d.

What are the two ways the skin regulates temperature?

Sweat glands and blood flow through the cutaneous.

What happens when your skin becomes flushed?

Increased amount of blood flow to skin, increased heat loss.

What happens when your skin becomes pallid?

Decreased blood flow to skin, decreased heat loss.

How is vitamin D synthesized in the body?

Through calciferol, using cholesterol and sunlight.

What does calcifrol do?

Increases absorption of calcium in small intestine and stores calcium in bones.

What are the different openings of the skin into the interior of the body?

Mouth, narea, anus, urethral canal, vaginal canal.

What does strata mean?

Level.

What is keratin?

Hardening protein.

What are keratinocytes?

Keratin cells.

What strata are keratinocytes found?

Strata of epidermis.

What cells are in the basale or germinativum layer?

Melanocytes.

What are external pressures in the hands called.

Calluses.

What are external pressures in the feet called.

Corns.

What is a common term for friction ridges?

Fingerprints.

What are two functions of function ridges?

Grasping and traction.

What type of connective tissue makes up the dermis?

Dense fibrous connective tissue.

What are papillary folds?

Folds in the skin that help connect the layers of skin to prevent them from sliding.

What does interdigitate mean?

Interlock.

What does subcutaneous mean?

Below the skin.

What does hypodermis mean?

Another word for the subcutaneous layer.

What does subcutaneous tissue attach the skin to?

Underlying tissues.

What are the three types of hair?

Lanugo, down hair, terminal hair.

What is lanugo?

Fetal hair.

What is down hair?

Light colored hair of children.

What is terminal (adult) hair?

Adult hair that is thick and dark.

When does terminal hair appear?

During puberty.

Where are sebaceous glands located?

At the hair follicle.

What muscle causes goosebumps?

Arrector pili muscle.

What are the two things that cause a piloerection?

Being cold or frightened.

What are the five different glands on the integument?

Oil glands, sweat glands, scent glands, wax glands, mammary glands.

What is the function of the sebaceous glands?

To secrete sebum to keep the skin pliable.

What is the medical term for oil?

Sebum.

Where are sebaceous glands located?

The necks of hair follicles.

What causes the secretion of oil?

Sex horomones.

What are sudoriferous glands?

Oil glands.

Where are the sudoriferous glands NOT located?

Soles of feet and palms of hands.

What is sweat made  up of?

Water, salt, urea.

Where are the sweat glands located?

Everywhere except lips, ears, and nipples.

What are ceruminous glands?

Wax glands located in the outer ear.

Where are ceruminous glands located?

External auditory meatus.

What are areolar glands also known as?

Glands of Montgomery.

What is the function of areolar glands?

To lubricate the nipple during nursing.

What is colostrum?

What mammary glands secrete before breastmilk.

What is breast milk made up of?

Lactose, fat, calcium, antibodies.

When does breast milk come in?

4 days after giving birth.

Why are there no blood vessels in the epidermis of the skin?

It is epithelial tissue meaning it is avascular.

What is the medical term for bruises?

Ecchymosis.

What are the three types of sensory nerve fibers in the skin?

Thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, noxiceptors.

What does innervate mean?

Provide or supply to.

What protein makes up the nail?

Keratin.

What are six viral infections of the skin?

Smallpox, chickenpox, measles, German measles. cold sores and fever blisters, warts.

What does patho- mean?

Disease.

What is the treatment for most viral infections?

Immunizations.

What are three examples of bacterial infections of the skin?

Pimples and boils, acne, chancre.

What are pimples and boils?

Infections of sebaceous glands.

What is the treatment of bacterial infections of the skin?

Antibiotics.

What are four fungal infections of the skin?

Athletes foot, ringworm, crotch eczema, vaginal yeast infection.

What are allergies?

Hypersensitivity to an innocuous agent.

What does innocuous mean?

Harmless.

How do you treat allergic reactions.

Antihistamines?

What are moles?

Pigmented elevation of skin.

What is keratosis?

Brownish warty growths.

What are bedsores?

Red stores that form over bony prominences in bed ridden patients.

What is albinism?

Genetic inability to produce melanin.

What is jaundice?

Yellowing of the skin and eyes.

What are keloids?

Dense fibrous connective tissue scar mass caused by trauma.

What are the three types of burns?

First, second, and third degree burns.

What level of skin do first degree burns affect?

Epidermis only.

What level of skin do second degree burns affect?

Intradermal.

What level of skin do third degree burns affect?

Complete layers.

What are the rules of nines used for?

To measure burns.