Hemolytic Diseases

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see dx guides for thrombocytopenia, thrombocytosis, sickle cell anemia, polycythemia, hemophilia, and von willenbrand disease

germ layers

gastrulation is the formation of what?

muscle, connective tissue (endothelium), vascular system (bone marrow, lymph tissue, plasma, endothelial cells line blood vessels)

3 parts of the mesoderm

connective

endothelium is a __________________ tissue

simple squamous

endothelial cells form a _______________ _________________ cell layer

blood vessels

what do endothelial cells line?

arteries, veins, lymphatics

vessels that endothelial cells line (3)

endothelium

capillaries and other small blood vessels are composed almost exclusively of ______________________

endothelial, bone marrow

the endothelium is generated by ___________________ stem cells in the _____________________

bone marrow, spleen, lymph tissue, plasma

where is hematopoietic connective tissue found? (4)

multipotent

hematopoietic stem cells are ______________________

erythrocytes, thrombocytes, leukocytes

what can hematopoietic stem cells turn into?

erythrocyte(s)

- red blood cells

- responsible for transportation of oxygen

thrombocyte(s)

- platelets

- responsible for blood coagulation

leukocyte(s)

- white blood cells

- immune function

5-6, 7-8

total blood volume is ______-______ L, which is _______-_______% of body weight

plasma, formed elements

2 components of whole blood

proteins, water, other solutes

3 components of plasma

platelets, leukocytes, erythrocytes

3 components of formed elements of blood

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composition of whole blood picture

serum

fluid part of the blood that does not contain clotting agent

plasma

fluid part of the blood that contains blood clotting agent (fibrinogen)

plasma

does serum or plasma contain fibrinogen (clotting agent)?

fibrinogen

clotting agent found in plasma

serum

_______________ = plasma - clotting factors

hematocrit

ratio of RBC volume/total blood volume

hemoglobin

protein responsible for transporting O2

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils

what is included in a white blood cell differential count? (4)

reticulocyte(s)

immature red blood cell

neutrophil(s), basophil(s), eosinophil(s)

name the 3 granulocytes

neutrophil(s)

which granulocyte: digest material, phagocytic

basophil(s)

which granulocyte: histamine/heparin, respond to antigens

eosinophil(s)

which granulocyte: fight parasitic and intracellular bacteria

macrophage(s), dendritic cell(s)

monocytes can become ________________ or _________________

T cell(s), B cell(s), natural killer cell(s)

3 types of lymphocytes

granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils), agranulocytes (monocytes, macrophages), red blood cells, platelets

4 categories of cells that come from the myeloid stem cell

reticulocyte(s), erythrocyte(s)

immature red blood cell =

mature red blood cell =

megakaryoblast --> megakaryocyte

where do platelets come from?

many

-osis = too ____________

little

-penia = too ____________

leukocytosis

high WBC count

leukopenia

low WBC count

anemia

low hemotocrit, hemoglobin, or RBC's

polycythemia

high hematocrit, hemoglobin, or RBC's

hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC's

anemia refers to low values of what?

hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC's

polycythemia refers to high values of what?

white blood cells, platelets

what does the buffy coat in a blood sample include?

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blood components picture

hemostasis (clot formation)

major role of platelets (scientific term)

clot formation

hemostasis

thrombocytopenia

a low platelet count is called:

bleeding (low platelet count)

thrombocytopenia has an increased risk of ___________________

thrombocytosis

a high platelet count is called:

clotting (high platelet count)

thrombocytosis has an increased risk of ____________________

oxygen, carbon dioxide

red blood cells bring _________________ to tissues and remove _________________ from tissues

true (carbonic anhydrase)

true/false: erythrocytes can buffer blood pH

80-120, 3-4

red blood cells can live _________-__________ days (________-_________ months)

reversible deformity

special characteristic of red blood cells

RBC's assume torpedo shape to push through capillaries then return to disk shape

what does reversible deformity mean?

erythropoiesis

term for red blood cell production

red, long

RBC's are produced in the _________ marrow of ___________ bones

homeostatic feedback loop

a ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ regulates the process of erythropoiesis

erythropoietin

the hormone ____________________ is produced in the kidney and liver in response to low O2 levels and is bound by circulating RBC's

hormone, low, bound

the ________________ erythropoietin is produced in the kidney and liver in response to __________ O2 levels and is ______________ by circulating RBC's

spleen

damaged RBC's are removed by the _______________

unbound, production in bone marrow

low circulating numbers of RBC's = high level of _______________ erythropoietin, which stimulates what?

reticulocytosis

increased rate of production and release of new red blood cells

AB

universal recipient blood type

O

universal donor blood type

antigen(s)

blood type is determined by _________________

anti-B

type A blood has what antibodies in plasma?

anti-A

type B blood has what antibodies in plasma?

none

type AB blood has what antibodies in plasma?

anti-B, anti-A

type O blood has what antibodies in plasma?

nonspecific

most symptoms of hemolytic disease are __________________

anemia

symptoms of what disease:

- headache and easy fatigability

- loss of appetite and heartburn

- shortness of breath

- edema of the ankles

- numbness and tingling sensations

high

congenital heart disease, COPD, and kidney cancer are examples of ________ RBC counts

low (anemias)

bone marrow disorder, thyroid conditions, and iron deficiency are examples of ___________ RBC counts

blood

-emia refers to ________________

low platelets

thrombocytopenia

high platelets

thrombocytosis

clot

thrombosis

low white blood cells

leukopenia

lab values

what can indicate the presence or absence of anemia?

microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic

3 classifications of RBC size

RBC size

microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic have to do with what?

normochromic, hypochromic

2 classifications of hemoglobin concentration

hemoglobin concentration

normochromic, hypochromic have to do with what?

microcytic

smaller than normal RBC

normocytic

normal size RBC

macrocytic

larger than normal RBC

normochromic

normal hemoglobin concentraion

hypochromic

low hemoglobin concentration

blood loss (anemias), hemolytic (anemias), decreased RBC production (anemias)

3 classifications of anemias

decreased exercise intolerance, gradual progression, monitor vitals, use RPE

main treatment implication for anemic patients

because of this, what 3 things should you do?

acute, chronic

blood loss anemias can deal with ________________ or ________________ blood loss

acute

_____________ blood loss:

- produces anemia within a few hours

- remaining RBC's are normochromic and normocytic

- bone marrow capable of replacing large amounts of lost blood

chronic

_____________ blood loss:

- slow loss of small amounts of blood over time

- menstrual bleeding

- GI bleeds

- iron cannot be recovered from blood cells (bone marrow uses up its stores)

chronic

periods and GI bleeds are examples of _________________ blood loss

RBC's prematurely destroyed (by mononuclear phagocytes)

what are hemolytic anemias?