AP Psych- Developmental Psychology

Schema

Coordinated pattern of thought or action that organizes interactions with the environment

Assimilation

Process of incorporating new experiences into our current understanding or schema

Accommodation

Adjusting or modifying a schema

Object permanence

Objects that are out of sight are also out of mind

Parallel play

Stage of play where children play alongside each other, but not directly with each other.

Animism

Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of having feelings and emotions

Egocentrism

Inability to see things from the perspective of others

Theory of mind

Refers to the ability humans have to recognize and attribute mental states not only in themselves but in other people, and to understand that feelings and beliefs we have may be different than others.

Sensorimoter

Stage of experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing, and grasping). Developmental phenomenas: object permanence and stranger anxiety

Preoperational

Stage of representing things with words and images; use intuitive rather than logical reasoning. Developmental phenomenas: pretend play, egocentrism, language development

Concrete operational

Thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations. Developmental phenomenas: conservation, mathematical transformations

Formal operational

Abstract thinking. Developmental phenomenas: abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning

Zone of proximal development

The difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help

Scaffolding

Process that provides temporary support to help a learner solve a problem or carry out a task. The support is gradually reduced as the learner becomes more competent.

Harlow’s monkey studies

Origins of attachment- infants bond with surrogate mothers because of bodily contact- not because of nourishment

Imprinting

Developed by Konrad Lorenz. The process by which certain animals form attachments during the critical period very early in life

Bowlby attachment

Infants have a need to seek close proximity with their caregiver when under stress or threatened

Strange situation

experiments involving the study of attachment differences between a mother and her child

Authoritarian parenting

Parents are the boss! This style of parenting allows for a little discussion or explanation of the firm control placed on the child.

Authoritave parenting

Child- centered, in that parents closely interact with their children in regards to decision- making, while maintain high expectations for behavior and performance.

Permissive parenting

Characterized by having few and inconsistent rules and a relaxed attitude to parenting that is more like a friend than a parent. Parents exhibit very loving and nurturing behavior towards their children and frequently use bribery in order to get them to behave.

Heritability

Involves variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes. Depends on populations and changes in the enviroment

Epigenetics

Above or addition to genetics. The study of enviromental influences on gene expression that occur WITHOUT A DNA CHANGE

Gender roles

Experienced behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males and females. Cultures shape our behaviors to behave in a particular social position.

Gender identity

A person’s deeply held, internal, and personal sense of their own gender (such as male, female, both, or neither), which may or may not align with the sex they were assigned at birth

Gender typing

The developmental process by which a child acquired the values, motives, and traditional masculine or feminine behaviors that their culture considers appropriate for their biological sex. EX: gender for toys- Barbies are for girls, cars are for boys

Androgyny

Involves displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

Teratogens

Chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo and fetus during the prenatal development and cause harm

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Leads to physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking

Phenylketonuria

Condition that makes it impossible for a baby to metabolize certain proteins. Early screening and a special diet can prevent serious symptoms.

Habituation

As infants gain familiarity with repeated expose to a visual stimulus their interest goes away and they look away sooner

Visual cliff

Involves an apparent, but not actual drop from one surface to another. This tool was originally developed to determine if infants had developed depth perception

Facial recognition

An individual’s understanding and interpretation of the face, particularly the human face, especially in the relation to the associated information processing in the brain

Depth perception

Ability to see objects in 3 dimensions although images that strike the retina are 2 dimensional; allows us to judge distance

Rooting reflex

Tendency for the infant, when stroked of the side of the face, to move its face in the direction being stroked, open its mouth, and search for a nipple.

Grasping reflex

Involuntary bending of the fingers in response to tendon stimulation on the palm, producing a grasp

Babinski reflex

Reflex that occurs when the bottom of the foot is simulated by having a blunt instrument run across it

Moro reflex

Normal reflex for an infant when he or she is startled or feels like they are falling. The infant will have a startled look and the arms will fling out sideways with the palms up and the thumbs flexed

Stranger anxiety

Fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 MONTHS or so

Maturation

Sometimes growth must happen in a sequence, and often development of new skills or abilities cannot happen until a child is developmentally ready

Avoidant attachment

Involves a child experiencing discomfort with emotional intimacy and has trouble with trusting others

Personal fable

Cognitive distortion that adolescents experience when they believe they are special and that they are protected from life’s problems

Preconventional morality

Before age 6, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward

Conventional morality

By early adolescence, social roles and laws are upheld for their own sake, and an individual's sense of right and wrong is tied to personal relationships, social approval, and the laws and rules of society. Ages 7 to 11

Postconventional morality

Affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principals

Identity

Sense of oneself. Who you are

Identity confusion

Uncertainty about who one is and where you are going

Group identity vs alienation

Idea that early adolescents either belong to a group or feel lost

Juvenile delinquency

Individuals who are repeated violates of the law buy those aged 17 and younger

Social clock

Set of norms governing the ages at which particular life events, such as beginning school, leaving home, getting married, etc. are expected to occur

Alzheimer’s disease

Neurological disease which strikes 3 percent of the world’s population by age 75. EX: forgetting how to get home. FROM DROP OF ACH

Prospective memory

Ability to remember to do something in the future. People with Alzheimer’s often have impaired (term), and (term) deficits are common in older adults with very mild Alzheimer’s disease

Ageism

Prejudice against the elderly

Parkinson’s disease

Neurological ailment whose symptoms include tremors and later difficulty walking, is caused by the inability to produce dopamine

Fluid intelligence

Ability to reason, declines with age

Crystalline intelligence

Accumulated knowledge and skills, does not decline with age

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Kubler Ross stages of dying in order

Dementia

Loss of memory due to old age

Gender schema

How kids learn cultural expectations with gender

Social-cognitive theory

Learn through observational learning and social interactions

Cross-sectional research

Difference in kid ages

Longitudinal research

Research time frame is extended over a period of time. EX: months or years

Fine motor skills

Small muscles (hand, wrist, finger)

Gross motor skills

Large muscles (arms, legs)

Imaginary audience

Psychological state in which a person believes that a group of people is constantly watching, listening to, or judging them

Self-recognition

Mirror test, child knows reflection

Conservation

The understanding that certain properties of objects – such as the volume of liquid, number of items, or the mass of a substance (like clay or dough) – stay the same even when their appearance or arrangement changes.

Conservation

The understanding that certain properties of objects – such as the volume of liquid, number of items, or the mass of a substance (like clay or dough) – stay the same even when their appearance or arrangement changes.

Abstract reasoning

Math & solving problems

Contact comfort

The physical and emotional reassurance an infant receives from touching or clinging to a soft, warm caregiver

Temperament

Your inborn, biological "default setting" for how you react to the world emotionally and behaviorally

Secure attachment

Psychological attachment style characterized by trust, emotional regulation, comfort with intimacy and independence, and a positive view of both oneself and others. WITH PARENT, CHILD IS CONFIDENT. WHEN SEPARATED, CHILD SHOWS MILD TO MODERATE DISTRESS, AND IS QUICKLY COMFORTED UPON CAREGIVER’S RETURN

Insecure avoidant attachment

When separated, child shows no distress

Insecure ambivalent attachment

Child can’t trust caregiver because caregiver is inconsistant

Self-concept

Perceive own self image and beliefs

Konrad Lorenz

Austrian zoologist and co-founder of modern ethology- imprinting, evolution, agression

Autism

Neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent differences in social communication and social interaction, alongside restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

Neglectful parenting

Parenting style defined by a severe lack of emotional and behavioral responsiveness, minimal warmth or affection, and few to no rules or expectations

Lawrence Kohlbergs moral dilemma

Developmental psychology framework introduced in 1958 that evaluates how people justify right and wrong rather than the final choice they make

Trust vs mistrust

the first stage of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development theory, occurring from birth to 18 months, where infants learn to view the world as safe or unreliable based on caregiver consistency

Autonomy vs shame or doubt

Erik Erikson’s second stage of psychosocial development, happening when children are 1 to 3 years old. "Can I do things by myself, or do I need everyone else to do them for me?"

Initiative

When adults let kids make choices, try ideas, and play freely, the child learns to feel confident, capable, and ambitious. Erikson calls the superpower you get here purpose

Guilt

When adults get too annoyed, yell about messes, or constantly say "stop that, you're doing it wrong," the child starts feeling like their ideas are bad. They learn to feel guilty for trying and become scared to take risks

Industry

The child gets encouragement, and feels capable

Inferiority

Parent criticizes, and the child’s confidence decreases

Generativity

When an old person wonders “Did I contribute enough?”

Stagnation

When an old person thinking’s “Maybe I didn’t do enough”

Integrity

Satisfaction as an adult

Despair

When an adult feels regret and bitter