Inter cultural exam 2

political histories

Written histories that focus on political events.

intellectual histories

Written histories that focus on the development of ideas.

social histories

Written histories that focus on everyday life experiences of various groups in the past

absent history

Any part of history that was not recorded or that is missing.

altered history

Sometimes historical events are changed in order to serve particular ideological goals. This communication practice results in a revised history

family histories

Histories of individual families that are typically passed down through oral stories.

national history

A body of knowledge based on past events that influenced a country’s development.

cultural-group histories

The history of each cultural group within a nation that includes, for example, the history of where the group originated, why the people migrated, and how they came to develop and maintain their cultural traits.

grand narrative

A unified history and view of humankind.

apartheid

A policy that segregated people racially in South Africa.

Social Scientific(static) perspective

that identity is created in part by the self and in part in relation to group membership

The Interpretive Perspective

it emphasizes that identities are negotiated, co-created, reinforced, and challenged through communication with others; they emerge when messages are exchanged between persons

The Critical Perspective

the dynamic nature of identities, but in addition, it emphasizes the contextual and often conflictual elements of identity development

identity negotiation theory

A theory that emphasizes the process of communicating one’s own desired identities while reinforcing or resisting others’ identities as the core of intercultural communication.

impression management theory

The ways by which individuals attempt to control the impressions others have of them.

individualized identity

The sense of self as independent and self-reliant.

familial identity

The sense of self as always connected to family and others.

spiritual identity

Identification with feelings of connectedness to others and higher meanings in life.

Pop culture

- cultural products that most people share and know about

Power of pop culture

Very pervasive- it’s everywhere

Has the power to (mis) inform

Serves a popular social function

Encoding

The process of creating a message for others to understand

Decoding

The process of interpreting a message.

Consuming po culture is done through

Encoding and Decoding

Mama Hope

“nurtures the work of community-led organizations around the world”

Globalization

Describes the increasing interconnectedness of the world and how it impacts travel, finance, and trade, international organizations, & the spread of digital media.

Advantages of Globalization

Convenience, connection, understanding, multiplicity of voices

Disadvantages

Constant connection, CONNECTION, INFO OVERLOAD, CONCENTRATED OWNERSHIP, COMMERCIAL INTEREST

cultural imperialism

Domination through the spread of cultural products.

Cultural Imperialism Counterarguments

1. Global Audiences of American Content Aren't necessarily passive

2. Not all content 

3. Local Media does matter

France’s 1993 “cultural exception”

Taxed; funds support production & distribution of French films

40% French music, 20% new artists

Invest 20% of French revenues into local TV & film production