Insect Biology Opportunity 1

Label A - E

integument, epicuticle, exocuticle, endocuticle, epidermis

Label A - D

multicellular spine, setae, acanthae, microtrichia

Label A - D

anterior, lateral, dorsal, ventral

Label A - H

epicranial suture, frons, compound eye, scape, pedicel, mandible, labrum, hypopharynx

Label A - I

filiform, moniliform, clavate, serrate, pectinate, flabellate, geniculate, plumose, aristate

Label A - F

raptorial, fossorial, natatorial, saltatorial, cursorial, gressorial

Who led research to describe insect development and debunk the theory of spontaneous generation?

Maria Sibylla Merian

Insects are _ that carry _, parasites, and bacteria which have impacted world history.

vectors, arboviruses

A long-term pest prevention strategy that uses biological control, habitat manipulation, etc.

Integrated Pest Management

What eats wet decaying material in aquatic environments or soil?

detritivore

What drinks nectar without pollinating the plant?

nectar robber

What lays eggs in a host which eventually kills the host?

parasitoids

Which 2 orders help to transfer energy from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems?

Odonata, Tricoptera

Taxa classified based on oldest to newest in terms of evolutionary relationships.

phylogenetic organization

Ends in -idae, ends in -inae, ends in -ini, sp. meaning, ssp. meaning.

family, subfamily, tribe, specific epithet, subspecies

The study of the diversity of organisms and their inter-relationships.

systematics

The practice of classification, and describing and naming species in a ranked and named system.

taxonomy

The study of evolutionary relatedness of taxa providing information essential for constructing (evolutionary) classifications of organisms.

phylogenetics

A dendrogram whose branches have no meaning.

cladogram

A dendrogram whose branch lengths reflect the number of character state changes.

phylogram

A dendrogram whose branch lengths explicitly represent time.

chronogram

Why are cladograms constructed to minimize the number of character state changes?

The Principle of Parsimony

A group on a dendrogram that contains a hypothetical ancestor of all its decendants.

monophyletic group

A group on a dendrogram that lacks a clade amongst the descendants of a common ancestor.

paraphyletic group

What are 5 pros of using insect community structure in field assessments and experiments?

rapid population turnover, high abundance, ease of culturing, minimal ethical concerns, each species is part of a greater assemblage

What are the 5 insect ecosystem functions?

nutrient recycling, plant, propagation, plant community composition maintenance, food for insectivores, animal community composition maintenance

Why are European Honeybees poor candidates for use in natural areas?

Their generality lets them outcompete native and specialized pollinator species.

What are four diseases associated with insects?

Malaria (mosquitos), Chagas disease (kissing bugs), Lyme disease (ticks), Onchocerciasis (blackflies)

Which two authors wrote The Log of the Sea of Cortez?

Ed Ricketts and John Steinbeck

What is the outermost layer of the exoskeleton that protects against water loss, UV, and predators, and provides camouflage coloration?

epicuticle

A supporting element in fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons.

chitin

What is the irreversible process called that darkens the exocuticle and results in proteins becoming water-insoluble?

sclerotization

What produces the cuticular structural components, waxes, cements, pheromones, and defensive compounds from beneath the cuticle.

epidermal and secretory cells

What is the main visual pigments of insect eyes?

ommochromes

A compound the screens harmful light rays; can convert light energy to heat.

melanin

Occurs in few insects, notably some midge larvae (Chironomidae), which makes them appear red.

red hemoglobin

The terms for downwards, forwards, and backwards facing mouthparts.

hypognathous, prognathous, opisthognathous

The term for liquid or semi-liquid food adhering to a protrusible organ or “tongue,” transferred from substrate to mouth.

lapping

What type of mouthparts have a proboscis or rostrum that sucks up liquid via the cibarium and/or pharynx muscles?

suctorial

What is the term for food obtained by filtering particulates from an aquatic environment, and what is one insect example.

filter feeding, caddisflies

The only visual structure of larval insects, positioned laterally or in clusters.

stemmata

The visual structure seen in most adult insects, situated dorsolaterally on the head.

compound eyes

What are the three segments of the thorax called, in order from anterior to posterior?

prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax

What is the term for the ventral pads sometimes found on the underside of the tarsomeres that assist with surface adhesion.

pulvilli

What do Dipteran larvae have that allows a muscle contraction in one part of the body to produce equivalent extension in a relaxed part?

hydrostatic skeletons

Insect muscles are _ with overlapping _ and _ filaments that are innervated and supplied with oxygen by _.

striated, actin, myosin, tracheoles

At what location are muscles attached to the exoskeleton, and what filaments connect the muscle to the epidermal layer.

tonofibrillae, apodeme

What body part is enlarged and what protein compound allow fleas to jump?

femurs, resilin

The act of molting where the exoskeleton is shed, what is the shed exoskeleton called?

ecdysis, exuviae

Are insect circulatory systems closed or open? What is their blood called? What are their blood cells called?

open, hemolymph, hemocytes

What is the basic component of the insect nervous system? What are the terms for that receiving end and transmitting end?

neuron, axon, dendrite

What is the term for an insect nerve center, and what is the term for their brain?

ganglia, dorsal ganglionic center of the head

What gland produces the molting hormone and what is that hormone called?

prothoracic gland, ecdysone

What is the name of the paired glandular bodies on the sides of the foregut that secrete a regulatory hormone for reproduction and metamorphosis? What is that hormone called?

corpora allata, juvenile hormone

There are three pairs of fused ganglia from the first three head segments. What are they called and what do they control?

protocerebrum, optic lobes, deutocerebrum, innervates antennae, tritocerebrum, receives body signals

What is the term for insects’ internal air filled tubules that contact all internal organs and tissues?

trachea

What is the term for the muscle controlled holes in an insect’s exoskeleton that allows controlled air intake?

spiracles

How do the terms excretion and defecation differ in insects? What is the term for insect feces?

metabolic waste products vs. waste products that travelled from mouth to anus, frass

Outgrowths of the alimentary canal; long single celled tubules surrounding a blind-ending lumen that filters non-gaseous waste.

Malpighian tubules

Which section of the gut handles: ingestion, storage, grinding, and transportation?

foregut

Which section of the gut handles: digestive enzyme production and secretion, and digestion?

midgut

Which section of the gut handles: water and mineral reabsorption from lumen and urine?

hindgut

What controls an insect’s metabolism, glycogen, fat, and protein storage, and synthesizes blood sugar and major hemolymph proteins?

fat body

List three arguments for entomophagy.

less landspace and water use, smaller carbon footprint, highly nutritional

What is the main characteristic of entognatha?

internal mouthparts in a gnathal pouch

What are some facts about Collembola, Diplura, or Protura?

apterygotes, entognatha, ametabolous, Collembola have furcula, Diplura and Protura have no eyes

What are turbinate eyes, which kind of insect are they found on, and what function do they serve?

upward pointed eyes, Baetidae males, find flying females during mating

How has insect radiation been so successful? List at least 4 of the 9 reasons.

substantial time between each major group origin, metamorphosis, mobile winged adults, short generation time, small size of individuals, sensory and neuromotor sophistication, evolutionary interactions with plants, high rates of speciation, low rates of species extinction

What is the name of the sensory organ found in the second segment of the antenna (pedicel) that responds to movement of the distal end of the antenna relative to the pedicel?

Johnston’s organ

List the 5 functions of the wings.

flight, protection, sound production, temperature control, wafting smells to antennae

What type of wing coupling has a small row of hooks along the anterior margin of the hindwing that engages a fold along the forewing? Found in Hymenoptera and some Trichoptera.

hamulate coupling

What type of wing coupling has a jugal lobe of the forewing overlapping the anterior hindwing? Found in Mecoptera, Lepidoptera, and some Trichoptera.

jugate coupling

What type of wing coupling has one or more hindwing bristles that hook under a retaining structure on the forewing?

frenate coupling

Name the insects for A and B, name the insects and what the forewing is called for C - D.

butterfly, Lepidoptera, dragonfly, Odonata, tegmen of a cockroach, Blattodea, elytron of a beetle, Coleoptera, hemelytron of a mirid bug, Hemiptera, forewing and haltere of a fly, Diptera

Label numbers 2, 5, 7, 8, 14, 19, 20, and 25.

ocelli, brain, dorsal blood vessel, tracheal tubes, dorsal tube, nerve cord, Malpighian tubules, femur

List the name and function of neurons A - D.

sensory neuron, receives stimuli from the environment, interneurons, receive information from other neurons, motor neuron, transmits information to muscles, neurosecretory cells, connect the nervous and endocrine systems

A relatively toxic waste product that must be excreted as a dilute solution, or else rapidly volatilized from the cuticle or feces.

ammonia

A less toxic, soluble waste product that requires a lot of water for its elimination.

urea

A waste product that requires the least water for its synthesis and is non-toxic, has low solubility in water and is dry.

uric acid and urates

Basic components of the female insect reproductive system include paired _, which empty their mature _ via the calyces into the lateral oviducts, which unite to form the common oviduct.

ovaries, oocytes

The gonopore of the oviduct is concealed in an inflection of the body wall that typically forms a cavity, the genital chamber, which is called the _.

bursa copulatrix

Where is sperm stored? Sac-like with a slender duct that provides nourishment to the spermatozoa.

spermatheca

The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce and store what?

spermatozoa

The male tract consists of paired _, each containing a series of testicular tubes or follicles, which open separately into the sperm duct or _

testes, vas deferens

Many holometabolous insect males have whole copulatory organs generally known as the _, which inseminate, and may clasp and provide sensory stimulation to the female.

aedeagus