Psychopathology Models: Biological, Psychoanalytic, Cognitive-Behavioral, Humanistic, and Developmental Frameworks

What is the main theme of the biological model of psychopathology?

Psychopathology is due to biological deficit or disruption.

What are the two difficulties associated with the biological model?

Unknown etiology of mental illness; no independent means of verifying the existence of disease other than patient self-report.

What types of treatments are included in the biological model?

Medication, light therapy, brain stimulation treatments (ECT, TMS, VNS, DBS), and psychosurgeries.

Name the 'big 4' neurotransmitters involved in psychopathology.

GABA, norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (SE), dopamine (DA).

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with anxiety disorders?

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and norepinephrine (NE).

What mental illness is serotonin (SE) most heavily involved in?

Depression.

Which neurotransmitter is linked to schizophrenia?

Dopamine (DA).

What are the types of antidepressants?

SSRIs, SNRIs, MAOIs, and tricyclics.

Name a commonly prescribed SSRI.

Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, or Celexa.

What are antipsychotics also known as?

Major tranquilizers, phenothiazines, or neuroleptics.

Name a commonly prescribed atypical antipsychotic.

Abilify, Geodon, Seroquel, Zyprexa.

What is the main theme of the psychoanalytic/psychodynamic model?

Psychopathology is due to unconscious conflicts, typically unresolved childhood conflicts or traumas.

Who is the founder of psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud.

What are some classic treatment methods in psychoanalysis?

Free association, dream analysis, interpretation, transference.

What is the focus of Object Relations Therapy?

The relationship between the child and primary caregivers.

What is the main theme of the cognitive-behavioral model?

Psychopathology is learned behavior, acquired similarly to non-psychopathologic behaviors.

What are the pros of the cognitive-behavioral model?

Key concepts can be empirically evaluated; emphasizes external factors.

What are the cons of the cognitive-behavioral model?

Minimizes biological factors; overemphasizes environmental factors.

What are the three types of learning in the cognitive-behavioral model?

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive theories.

Who is associated with classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov.

Who is associated with operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner.

What is the role of reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Reinforcement strengthens behavior, while punishment weakens it.

What does Thorndike's Law of Effect state?

Behavior followed by reinforcement is likely to be repeated, while behavior followed by punishment is likely to be discouraged.

What is operant conditioning and who is it associated with?

A learning process where behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment; associated with Skinner.

What is Bandura known for in psychology?

Modeling or social learning, which involves acquiring knowledge through observation.

What are cognitive distortions and who is associated with them?

Negative thought patterns that influence emotions and behavior; associated with Beck.

What does REBT stand for and who developed it?

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy; developed by Ellis.

What is cognitive restructuring?

A treatment method aimed at changing negative thought patterns.

What is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)?

A therapeutic approach that encourages acceptance of thoughts and feelings while committing to personal values.

What is the main premise of the humanistic-existential model?

Psychopathology arises from denial of the authentic self due to attempts to please others.

Who is known for client-centered therapy?

Carl Rogers

What is the primary focus of gestalt therapy?

Emphasizing awareness and personal responsibility; associated with Fritz Perls.

What does the diathesis-stress model explain?

The interaction between an individual's predisposition to mental illness and environmental stressors.

What is equifinality in the context of psychopathology?

Many different factors can lead to the onset of a specific mental illness.

What does multifinality refer to?

Different outcomes can result from similar risk factors for psychopathology.

What was the main conclusion of the Rosenhan Study?

The labeling effect and self-fulfilling prophecy can significantly impact the diagnosis of mental illness.

What is the focus of cognitive therapy?

Identifying and changing negative thought patterns to promote adaptive functioning.

What is the role of the therapist in humanistic-existential therapy?

To create a safe environment that allows clients to explore their true feelings and values.

What are some treatment methods mentioned in the notes?

Mindfulness, skills training, exposure therapy, behavior modification, and problem-solving.

What is the significance of the 'here-and-now' focus in therapy?

It emphasizes addressing current thoughts and behaviors to improve mental health.

What is the purpose of trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF-CBT)?

To address trauma-related symptoms in children and adolescents.