voca flashcards unit 1

Cash crop

Agricultural products grown for sale rather than personal use (tobacco, cotton, rice)

Cereal crop

Grain crops like wheat, corn, and rye that were common in Middle Colonies

Plantation agriculture

Large-scale farming system using slave labor, common in Southern colonies

Mercantilism

Economic theory where colonies exist to benefit the mother country

Salutary Neglect

British policy of loose enforcement of colonial regulations before 1763

Navigation Acts

British laws controlling colonial trade

Proclamation of 1763

British law prohibiting colonial settlement west of Appalachians

Quartering Act

Required colonists to house and supply British soldiers

Stamp Act

Tax on printed materials in colonies

Common Sense

Thomas Paine's pamphlet advocating independence

Natural Rights

Enlightenment concept of inherent human rights (life, liberty, property)

Social Contract

Theory that people consent to be governed in exchange for protection of rights

Gradual Emancipation

Slow process of ending slavery, adopted by some Northern states

Abolition

Movement to end slavery

Articles of Confederation

First U.S. government system (1781-1789)

Shays' Rebellion

1786-87 uprising of farmers in Massachusetts

Critical Period

1781-1787, years under Articles of Confederation

Constitutional Convention

1787 meeting to create new government

Great Compromise

Agreement for bicameral legislature

Electoral College

System for selecting president

3/5ths Compromise

Counting slaves as 3/5 person for representation

Federalism

Division of power between federal and state governments

Checks and Balances

System where branches limit each other's power

Separation of Powers

Division of government into three branches

Republicanism

Government by elected representatives

Unicameral

One-house legislature

Bicameral

Two-house legislature

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to Constitution

Enumerated powers

Powers specifically listed in Constitution

Reserved powers

Powers kept by states

Necessary and Proper Clause

Allows Congress to make laws needed to execute its powers

First Party System

Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans

National Bank

Created by Hamilton to manage federal finances

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 uprising against whiskey tax

Hamilton's Financial Plan

Program to establish nation's economic system

Strict Constructionism

Narrow interpretation of Constitution

Loose Constructionism

Broad interpretation of Constitution

Judicial Review

Supreme Court's power to declare laws unconstitutional

Implied Powers

Powers suggested by Constitution but not explicitly stated

Franchise

Right to vote

Mass Democracy

Expansion of voting rights to more white males

Universal male suffrage

Voting rights for all adult white males

Corrupt bargain of 1824

Agreement making John Quincy Adams president

Second Party System

Democrats vs. Whigs

Nullification

State's claimed right to void federal laws

Bank War

Jackson's fight against Second Bank of U.S.

Spoils System

Giving government jobs to political supporters

American System

Henry Clay's economic program

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement on slavery in territories

Compromise of 1850

Series of bills addressing slavery issues

Fugitive Slave Act

Required Northern help returning escaped slaves

Free Soil Party

Opposed slavery in territories

Dred Scott v Sanford

Supreme Court case on slave rights

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Allowed popular sovereignty on slavery

Bleeding Kansas

Violence over slavery in Kansas Territory

Popular sovereignty

Letting voters decide on slavery

Confederate States of America

Southern seceded states

Border States

Slave states that stayed in Union

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed slaves in rebel states

Presidential Reconstruction

Lincoln/Johnson's lenient policies

Congressional Reconstruction

Radical Republican policies

Freedmen's Bureau

Agency helping former slaves

Black Codes

Southern laws restricting African American rights

Sharecropping

Post-war farming system

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction

Jim Crow Segregation

System of racial separation

Literacy Tests

Voting restriction targeting African Americans

Convict Leasing

System of forced prison labor

Separate but Equal

Doctrine allowing segregation

Party Bosses

Local political leaders

Political Machines

Organizations controlling city politics

Credit Mobil

Railroad construction scandal

Clayton Antitrust Act

Strengthened business regulation

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal anti-monopoly law

Laissez-Faire

Government non-interference in economy

AAA

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

WPA

Works Progress Administration

NRA

National Recovery Administration

SEC

Securities and Exchange Commission

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Brown v. Board

Ended school segregation

Executive Order 9981

Desegregated military

Little Rock 9

Arkansas school integration crisis

Freedom Rides

Civil rights bus protests

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Banned segregation

Voting Rights Act

Protected voting rights

Title IX

Banned education discrimination

Watergate

Nixon administration scandal

Credibility Gap

Public distrust of government

Affirmative Action

Programs favoring minorities

Moral Majority

Conservative religious movement

Sun Belt

Southern/Western states

Rust Belt

Industrial Northeast/Midwest