Term one Embryology and Histology

Embryology

study of early development, development through birth

what are the general developmental periods?

Prenatal

Perinatal

Postnatal

Prenatal

before birth

Perinatal

around time of brith

3rd trimester to 1st month of life

Postnatal

after brith

Trimester

period of three months of development

Gestation

prenatal development

divided into first, second, third trimesters

Fertilization and Implantation developmental period (ON EXAM)

0-2 weeks in utero

Embryonic Period (ON EXAM)

3-8 weeks in utero

Fetal period (ON EXAM)

9-38 weeks in utero

Infancy (ON EXAM)

birth to 1 year

childhood (ON EXAM)

1 year to puberty

adolescence (ON EXAM)

puberty to adulthood

Adulthood (ON EXAM)

18-21 years

Neonate

what the infant is called during first month after birth

When infant has special problems

Neonatology

pediatrics specialty, disorders of neonates (NICU)

Teratology

study of abnormal development (things that go wrong)

Teratogen

drug/agent that can pause abnormal development (drug, toxin, radiation)

Examples of teratogen and what they do

1) Retinoids (mimic Vit A)

2) Metformin (diabetes)

Retinoids

mimics Vit A

An example is Accutane for acne

can cause- facial, CNS, cardiovascular malformation

Pregnant women shouldn’t take this

(affect women)

Metformin

used for diabetes

study showed 40% increase in birth defects with men use prior to conception

(affect men)

Be able to produce period of greatest sensitivity to teratogenesis

Will refer to this throughout the term

When is the greatest risk/ sensitivity to teratogenesis?

During the embryonic stage (3-8 weeks)

the time period where organs and systems form

Know anatomical position(s)

palms forward so radius and ulna are not crosses

Def: erect position, head, eyes, toes facing forward, the heels and toes together, arms hanging at sides with palms facing forward

Median (midsagittal) Plane

vertical plane

pass through midline of the body

divides into symmetrical right and left halves

Parasagittal Plane

any vertical plane that passes through the body parallel to but not within the median plane

Coronal (frontal) Plane

vetical plane

passes through the body at right angles to the median plane

anterior and posterior

Horizontal (transverse) Plane

vertical plane

passes through right angles to both median and coronal

divide upper and lower parts

Superior

cranial or rostral

toward head

(use cranial for embryology)

Inferior

caudal- toward tail

will use in embryology

Proximal

closer to trunk

distal

further from trunk

anterior

ventral (will use in embryology)

closer to front of body

posterior

dorsal (will use in embryology)

closer to back of body

Medial

toward median plane

lateral

away from median plane

superficial (external)

near to surface

Deep (internal)

nearer to interior

Parietal

Relate to the lining of a cavity

Visceral

relate to covering of an organ

Pleura

lung

Pericardium

heart

peritoneum

abdominopelvic

Directional Terms of the fetus

cranial- toward the head

Dorsal- near the back

ventral- near the front

caudal- towards the tail

Directions specific to embryology

superior- cranial

inferior- caudal

anterior- ventral

posterior- dorsal

human development begins when?

at fertilization

when male and female gametes form a zygote

Gametogenesis

process that results in the production of mature sperm and oocytes (gametes)

Gametogenesis in males and females

spermatogenesis in males

oogenesis in females

Mitosis

somatic cell division

single cell division

cells result in a full complement of chromosomes (46)

these cells are known as diploid

What are the cells called in Mitosis

diploid cells

How many much is a full complement of chromosomes in cells

46 in humans

Meiosis

Germ cell division

two cell division

results in cells with half of chromosomes (23)

cells are called haploid

what are meiosis cells called

haploid

how many cell divisions does meiosis go through

2

meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

How many chromosomes are a result of Meiosis

23