psych 448

goodness of fit

the compatibility between a child's natural temperament and the demands, expectations, and responses of their environment and caregiver

microsystem

environments provided by family, peers, school, neighborhood

mesosystem

interactions between first and all other systems, facilitates communication between microsystem and exosystem

exosystem

government agencies, community programs, employment setting of parents.

macrosystem

larger culture including broad, generalized beliefs, behavior patterns, and value systems of a particular society.

chronosystem

dimension of time; organization of events and changes over the lifespan of an individual at a particular historical time.

indentity vs. role confusion

Eric Erikson's psychosocial theory

intimacy vs. isolation

Eric Erikson's psychosocial theory

how parent-child relationships change over time

shifting from total parental control and child dependency in early life to an equal, mutually supportive bond between two adults

discipline

Actions used to guide and shape children. Discipline is most effective when provided to children in a caring, responsive, and nurturing environment.

beneficence

the principle of best interest regarding the child, the child’s wellbeing and the wellbeing of the larger context of family and society. “Best interest of the child”.

nonmaleficence

inflicting or doing no harm; typically used in an ethical context.

parental engagement

an ongoing, collaborative partnership where families and school staff share responsibility for supporting children's learning, health, and development across home and school settings

infant communication

begins at birth through crying, body movements, and eye contact, evolving into cooing, babbling, and gestures before a child says their first words around 12 months

family systems theory

the family can be perceived as a unit or system. The relationship between parents and children is a subsystem of the larger social system that we call a family. Describes a family functioning in ways that reseble other systems found in nature.

ecological approach theory

interrelatedness of individuals, families, and other social groups as seen within changing environmental systems with bidirectional influence. Members of a family can be perceived as forming a system.

collectivism

A cultural trait that emphasizes interdependence of a larger community. collectivism is a frequently associated with cultural groups in asia.

individualism

focuses on building personal autonomy, self-reliance, and independent decision-making in children rather than prioritizing strict group conformity or family obedience

sandwich generation

looking after parents and children

family of origin

the social and domestic environment in which you are raised during childhood, typically including your parents or primary caregivers, siblings, and other cohabitating relatives

family of procreation

a sociological term for the family unit that adults create through marriage, partnering, or adoption to raise and socialize children

attachment theory

initally based on john bowlby. Children brought up with consistent, loving parents or significant, reliable caregivers can develop a foundation of trust and attachment and can grow up to be well-adjusted adults, capable of forming trusting and loving relationships. if any reason the stability is interrupted, problems can manifest. The first two years of life are particularly important for the formation of attachment.

Harlow’s monkey theory

Explored the dependency of monkeys on their mothers. The monkeys preferred the more tactile, softer surrogate monkey frames for comfort and only went to the wire mesh surrogates for food. This presumption underlines the social and tactile needs of infant primates. These experiments are thought to have contributed to the implementation of rules guiding the ethical treatment of laboratory animals.

homeostatis

stability over time (dynamic equilibrium)

secure attachment

Rooted in consistent, attentive caregiving, leading to a positive view of self and others. People are comfortable with emotional closeness, trust, and open communication.

insecure/avoidant attachment

Stemming from inconsistent caregiving, resulting in a negative self-view and fear of abandonment. People often demand constant reassurance, cling to partners, and worry about rejection.

insecure/resistant attachment

Arriving from unavailable or neglectful caregiving, leading to a high value on self-reliance. People suppress emotions, avoid deep intimacy, and keep others at a distance

disorganized/atypical attachment

Arising from trauma or caregivers who were a source of fear. People experience a push-pull dynamic, desiring connection yet fearing it, leading to unpredictable behaviors.

results of spanking

negative emotional, psychological, and neurological outcomes rather than effective behavior correction.

social learning theory

The theory is based on the work of Albert Bandura. I emphasize the influence of modeling and observation in learning a variety of social behaviors and roles. It emphasizes the importance of parents and teachers as role models

behavioral modification

uses clear rewards and consistent boundaries to encourage good habits and reduce unwanted actions. They apply effective, conscientious, and positive reinforcement

4 parenting style

authorative

authoraitarian

permissive

uninvolved

axis of grid ~

nurture & structure

bidirectional

the flow of influence goes both ways, or in both directions;The adults and children influence each other: parents and their offspring have mutual influence.

etic

draws together cultural components that we share universally. outsiders' view

emic

identifies us, or makes us culturally unique; referred to us as a cultural insider’s view.

socialization

the set of interpersonal processes through which cultural meanings and social values are evolved and passed on. It allows participants to blend, understand, and function well within a given interpersonal or social context.

scaffolding

any parental behavior that supports a child’s effort towards more advanced skill acquisition and competency.

positive reinforcement

a reward that immediately follows a positive behavior strengthens or reinforces that desired behavior and increases the likelihood that a particular behavior will occur again. Example: praising a child for using good table manners.

John Locke's theory of tabulsa

tabula rasa (blank slate) asserts that children are born without innate knowledge or preconceived ideas, meaning their minds are shaped entirely by sensory experiences, environment, and education.

bineuclar family

allows children to have access to two families, typically each family living in their own household. Usually as a result of parental divorce.

failure to thrive

means a child's physical growth or weight gain is significantly below standard expectations or growth charts.

co parenting

A legitimate caretaking system is born out of the need to ensure constructive outcomes for parenting challenges while keeping the child’s best interest in mind. Ongoing access to a figure who is committed to taking on parental responsibilites.

developmental role of parenting

interactions or social relationships that change as the child and parent progress through the lifespan stages. Thus, the relationship is never static or the same. These represent the developmental lifespan stage of the child and are appropriate for that particular age group.

attachment styles

secure, anxious, avoidant, and disorganized

parenting plans

written, legally binding agreement that outlines how separated or divorced parents will share custody, responsibilities, and decision-making for their children

breastfeeding

strongly influences parenting dynamics by fostering maternal sensitivity, emotional bonding, and responsive caregiving

authoritarian parenting

uses control and social power over children’s behavior and is anchored in traditional methods of child-rearing. High structure and low nurture.

authoritative parenting

focuses on the inherent strengths of the child and emphasizes autonomy within developmentally appropriate boundaries. Most favored parenting style.

high demand and high responsiveness

uninvolved parenting

is an emotionally absent or disengaged parenting style providing minimal input. In an extreme form, it can be a variation of neglect. Low nurture and low structure

permissive parenting

avoids excessive control, does not enforce obedience to externally defined standards, and allows children to regulate their own activities. High nurture and low structure.

high response and low demand