Social Psychology Final

The tendency to change ones perceptions, beliefs, or behaviours in response to real or imagined pressure from others

Conformity

What did Sherif (1936) find in his classic study about conformity research?

Influence from others can create a group norm, impacting individual reports of perception that is stable when tested a year later.

Recall that Muzafer Sherif (1936) placed participants in a dark room and asked them to estimate the movement of a dot of light projected on a screen. This study of the autokinetic effect demonstrated the power of

informational social influence.

Victor goes to a fancy French restaurant. There are utensils on the table that he’s never even seen before, and more spoons and forks than he’s ever seen on one table. Eager to dine in an appropriate and sophisticated way, Victor secretly watches other diners to see what they do. This is an example of:

informational social influence

____________ is influence that produces conformity when a person fears the negative consequences of appearing deviant, __________ is Influence producing conformity when a person believes others are correct in their judgment.

Normative influence, Informational influence

In Asch’s conformity research, what type of influence was responsible for the findings?

Informational influence of the confederates

________ conformity is when a person genuinely accepts a position taken by others, _______ conformity is when superficial changes are informed by imagined or real group pressure, and there is no true change in private opinion.

private, public

Sherif’s classic study showed _______ conformity in participants

private

A lecturer asks all of her students which lecture was their favourite, the first student says lecture 6, and so does everyone else after him. you initially thought lecture 4 was your favourite, but you say 6 to appear homogenous with the group. Once dismissed, you decide lecture 6 was pretty cool, and have changed your mind. This is an example of:

Informational influence leading to private conformity

You are sitting with your friends deciding which takeout to get, everyone mentions they would like chinese, you prefer indian but you go along with the group and say you would also like chinese. This does not change your opinion, and you still think indian would have been the better option. What is this an example of?

Normative influence leading to public conformity

Which of the following factors do not impact conformity

social preferences

Normative/ Majority influence is referred to as _____________, Minority influence is referred to as ___________

conformity, innovation

According to Moscovici, what was the most important factor in minority influence?

Consistency of dissenters

Ron thinks people at his work should stop printing out emails to stop wasting paper. He states it is bad for the environment and states an alternative of people forwarding the emails instead of printing them off to show other people. He initially received a lot of criticism for this, but eventually some people started to internally accept he may be right without changing their behaviour. What stage of conversion theory are Ron’s workmates experiencing?

incubation

People forget chattel slavery was active and prominent less than 100 years ago, and feel the dominant opinion has always been anti-slavery. This is an example of:

Social Cryptomnesia

Majority influence often has greater influence over _____ conformity, whereas minority influence often has greater influence over _______.

public, private

In Moscovici’s research, two confederates managed to change the opinion of four participants over the colour of a slide. What is this an example of?

innovation

What are the four stages in order of Minority influence?

Revelation, Cognitive Conflict, Incubation, Innovation

Majority may have stronger impact on answers to _______ questions, but lesser on ______ questions

factual, opinion

In Milgram’s classic experiments on obedience, participants often looked at the experimenter when they were uncomfortable if they should keep going. What is this best described as?

Deferrence

Which condition of Milgram’s obedience experiments produced the least obedience

When there was two contradictory experimenters

In the original Milgram experiments, what percent of participants went to the end of trials producing the highest voltage schock?

65%

Behaviour change produced by commands of authority is best described as:

Obedience

What mattered the most on whether participants progressed to the full shock in the modern replication of Milgrams obedience experiemnts?

Cohesion of the experimenters

What are the major types of social influence?

Conformity and Obedience

You are heading to campus and decide to put on a classic blue t-shirt instead of your favourite bright yellow sweater because you do not want to stand out in the crowd. This is an example of:

Conformity

Assume that you are playing pool at the student union when several of your buddies
surround the table to watch you play. If you are ___________ player, you would
___________ because of the arousing effects of their presence.

an excellent; make most of your shots

When a crowd of people clap or cheer, it is difficult to tell just how loud each individual is applauding or cheering. If people tend to clap louder when they are alone than when
they are in a crowd, they are probably engaging in:

social loafing

What is a group?

three or more people who interact and influence one another with shared goals, identity, or fate

Social facilitation is when the presence of others _______ performance on easy tasks and ______ perfomance on complex ones

enhances, impairs

In Zajonc et al. 1969, Cochroaches took ______ time in the simple maze when they were alone, and ______ in the complex maze when other cockroaches were present.

more, more

Finn has four group members for a project, he notices one of them hardly puts in any effort. What is going on here?

Social loafing

Who of the following people would be least likely to engage in social loafing behaviours?

A woman from a collectivist culture

Which of the following would most likely result in social facilitation being inhibitory?

Performing a complex cognitive task in front of a class

In social facilitation theory, the presence of others creates _______, which creates an increase in _________________.

Arousal, dominant response tendancies

According to Zajonc’s Social Facilitation Theory, on simple well learned responses, the dominant response is likely to be the _______ one creating _____, but on difficult or novel tasks it is likely to be the _______ one, creating ________.

correct, facilitation, incorrect, impairment

Which of the following is true about Diener et al., 1976’s classic study on deindividuation:

Individuated children who were alone had the lowest rate of candy theft

Deindividuation has been found to sometimes be the precursor to antisocial acts. This is most likely because:

Deindividuation shifts attentional cues from the self to the situation

Last week Kate attended a village clean up initiative where everyone picked up litter for the day, this week she attended a government protest where she threw a brick through a shopfront. Which model or mechanism best explains this sudden change in behaviour?

Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE)

In Johnson & Downing, 1979’s classic study on Social Identity model of Deindividuation Effects, The main finding was:

Women in KKK uniforms were more likely to administer a stronger shock in deindividuated or individuated contexts

Lucas sees an online post he disagrees with, and switches to an anonymous profile before commenting something mean. What is the driving factor behind this?

deindividuation

Which of the following is a primary condition that makes groupthink more likely to occur?

High group cohesiveness and pressure to conform

Which of the following is an effective strategy to prevent groupthink?

Assigning the role of devil’s advocate to a group member

What is groupthink?

Faulty group decision-making that results when members strive for agreement at the expense of critical assessment

Group polarization occurs when

Individual members interact and strengthen their shared, pre-existing opinions.

Which of the following best describes the core effect of group polarization?

Group decisions become more extreme than the average of individual opinions.

Two main factors drive group polarization during a discussion: ________ and ________.

Social acceptance; persuasive arguments

A school committee initially holds a mild preference for a new policy. After debating the issue exclusively with one another, the committee votes for a much harsher version of the policy. This scenario is an example of:

Group polarization

Persuasive arguments are found to influence group decision making, what is this also known as?

Informational influence

Sometimes in group settings, answers skew farther to one side because some members feel pressure to change their views for social acceptance. What type of influence is this?

Normative

Which of the following is NOT an effective strategy for reducing groupthink?

Having the leader make sure everyone in the group knows their opinion.

The ABCs of social psychology are affect, behaviour and cognition. Put the three major manifestations of intergroup bias in this ABC order by considering whether they correspond to affect, behaviour or cognition.

Prejudice, discrimination, stereotyping

What is the minimal group paradigm primarily used to study?

The minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups

According to Social Identity Theory, individuals tend to show in-group favoritism primarily to:

support a positive self-concept and self-esteem

People are more likely to help others if:

They feel guilty about something

Punching a wall or kicking a chair when you are angry at a co-worker are examples of:

displaced aggression

Having an audience typically ________ us if we are doing an easy task and ________
us if we are doing a difficult task.

Helps; hinders

A Stereotype is:

Generalised belief that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics

Prejudice is to ________ as discrimination is to ________.

affect, behaviour

Finn really likes all of his cat friends, but does not like dogs because he perceives them to have undesirable common characteristics. What best explains this?

Outgroup homogenity effect

Aversive racism most accurately describes when individuals:

Hold explicit egalitarian values while simultaneously harboring unconscious negative attitudes toward racial minorities

In a study where white participants were asked to evaluate black and white candidates on their sutability for a job 10 years apart, what was the main finding?

Explicit bias levels decreased, but implit bias remained the same with white participants showing the same pattern results of discrimination in the ambiguous condition.

According to research on aversive racism, when are people exhibiting aversive racism most likely to discriminate against racial outgroups?

When they can attribute their behavior or decision to non-racial, justifiable factors