AP World Unit 5 (copy)

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th century that emphasized reason over tradition, and individualism over community.

Nationalism

A feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one´s language and culture.

Empiricism

The belief that knowledge comes from what you observe through experiences, including experiments.

John Locke

Clashed with Hobbs. Believed that people were born with three natural rights: life, liberty, and property. He believed people would know when these three rights were violated, and that the social contract made it the job of the government to protect these rights.

Voltaire

Believed in the separation of church and state, which would lead to the tolerance of different ethnic groups.

Rousseau

Believed that the government and the people should be in a social contract, and if it was violated, the people had the right to leave the contract and select a new government.

Montesquieu

Developed the American system of checks and balances. Believed in separation of powers, and the division of the government into three branches: Judicial, Executive, and Legislative.

Adam Smith

Economist who believed the government should have a ´laissez-faire’ (hands off) approach to the economy, and that it takes care of itself.

Laissez-faire

Hands off (Adam Smith)

Capitalism

An economic system in which the means of production, (like factories), are privately owned and operated for profit.

Socialism

Political and economic theory that refers to a system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production.

Conservatives

Believed in the preservation of traditional institutions, customs, and values.

Feminism

Movement fighting for the rights and social equality of women based on the ideas of Enlightenment.

Social Contract

An agreement between people and government. (Rousseau)

Liberalism

People believed in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reducing military spending and funding to established churches.

Abolitionism

The movement to end the atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people.

Anti-Semitism

Hostility toward jews and pogroms.

The Wealth of Nations

Book written by Adam Smith in 1776. Written in response to mercantilism, and calling for freer trade, (a laissez-faire approach to economics.)

Decleration of Independence 1776

Expressed the colonist ´ s philosophy behind their revolt against British rule. Rights to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness.

American Revolution

The colonies fought against the British, inspired by the ideas of Enlightenment.

French Revolution

Liberty, fraternity, and equality. The French were in debt, and the commoners were poorly represented in the government. The commoners formed the National Assembly, and the revolution was won on July 14, 1789.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

(France), a statement declaring basic human rights.

Reign of Terror

A period of time in which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution, including the King and Queen. This was inspired by the Jacobins.

Haitian Revolution

Slaves in the French colony of Haiti revolted against their white masters, killing them and burning their houses. This revolt was later joined by Maroons. Toussaint L´Ouverture

Toussaint L´Ouverture

Well read in Enlightenment philosophies. Former slave who joined the Haitian Revolt in 1791, leading a general rebellion against slavery. His army established an independent government.

Latin American Revolutions

The creoles, (hated mercantilism) were inspired by the French and North American revolutions. The creoles, (Europeans), thought they were superior to the mestizos, (european and indians), and the peninsulares, (European ogs) thought they were superior to everyone.

Mestizos

European and Indian. Wanted more political power.

Mulattoes

African and European, or African and Indian.

Peninsulares

Colonists born in Spain or Portugal.

Simon Bolivar

A creole who pushed for Enlightenment ideals in Latin America. Liberal who believed in free market and the abolition of slavery.

Lola Rodriguez de Tio

A poet famous for her eloquent critiques of Spain´s exploitive rule over Puerto Rico. Her home was a meeting place for political thinkers and revolutionaries.

Philippines Propaganda Movement

Educational opportunities were limited for the vast majority of Filipinos. Many young men from wealthy families often traveled to Europe to attend University. They returned and their publications advocated for more autonomy for the Philippines.

Italian Unification

Count di Cavour was a liberal who wanted to unify the Italian Peninsula. Prior to the unification, the region was a patchwork of kingdoms and city-states, with little cultural uniformity.

Realpolitik

Practical politics of reality. Count di Cavour.

German Unification

Nationalist movements were strengthened as a result of opposition to French occupation of German states under Napoleon. This was a result of a desire for independence and a desire for representation under the constitution.

Otto Von Bismark

Prussian leader. Favored realpolitik. Used nationalist feelings to engineer three wars to bring about German Unification.

Ottomanism

The goal of this movement was to create a more modern, unified state.

Spinning Jenny

Invented by James Hargreaves. Allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time.

Water frame

Used water power to drive the spinning wheel. Patented by Richard Arkwright.

Seed Drill

A device that efficiently places seeds in designated places in the ground.

Cottage Industry

Merchants provided raw cotton to women, and they spun it into cloth from their own homes.

Agricultural revolution

Revolution in the 1700s, which led to an increase in food production and supported population growth. (Seed drill, crop rotation). The introduction of the potato from South America was one of the causes.

Industrial Revolution

The increased mechanization of production, and the development of the factory system. Reshaped society, and led to a rural to urban shift.

Eli Whitney

Made interchangeable parts a thing. If a single part of a machine broke, it could easily be replaced with another identical part.

Interchangeable Parts

If a single part of a machine broke, it could easily be replaced with another identical part.

Assembly Line

Developed from the division of labor, (Henry Ford), in which each person would work on a specific task, instead of one person knowing how to make an entire thing.

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the rudimentary telephone in 1876.

Transcontinental Railroad

Connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans once it was completed, and aided in the Industrialization of the US, and the farming of its natural resources.

Trans Siberian Railroad

Moscow to the Pacific. Allowed Russia to trade easily with east Asian countries like China and Japan.

Steam Engine

Made by James Watt in 1765, this invention provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam, which generated power for factories.

Human Capital

The workforce of mainly immigrants from Europe and East Asia coming to the US to escape poverty and political upheaval.

James Watt

Patented the steam engine.

Second Industrial Revolution 19-20

Development of steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics.

Corporation

A business chartered by the government as a legal entity owned by stockholders. Had a more flexible structure for wide scale economic activity.

Monopoly

Some giant corporations had control of a specific business and the elimination of all other competition.

Bessemer Process Krupp

A more efficient way to produce steel. Monopoly over German steel.

Cecil Rhodes

Founder of De Beers Diamonds, a transnational company.

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corperation

A british-owned bank opened in the british colony of Hong Kong in 1865, focused on finance, corporate investments, and banking.

Transnational Companies

Companies that crossed national borders like the De Beers Diamond Company.

Unilever Corporation

A British and Dutch venture focused on household items, mainly soap. By 1890 it had factories in Australia, Switzerland, and the United States.

Consumerism

Buying things you don ´ t really need, but want. Corporations targeted their workers desires to escape a bleak work environment.

Labor Unions

People got angry at poor working conditions, and formed these groups in order to advocate for their worker rights, and put the resulting changes in contracts.

John Stuart Mill Liberal

British Philosopher who praised labor reforms, and advocated for the limiting of child labor, and safe factory working conditions.

Utilitarianism

The greatest good for the greatest number of people. Advocates of gradual reform.

Marx Proletariat

The working class, who were hardly paid.

Marx Bourgeoisie

The middle class, and investors who owned machinery and factories where workers produced goods.

Karl Marx

German scholar and writer who argued for socialism. He wanted to look at how the world actually operated.

Friedrich Engels

Rich supporter of Karl Marx, and together they published the Communist Manifesto, which critiqued capitlalism.

Communist Manifesto

Summarized Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels critiques of capitalism. According to Marx capitalism was the advance of feudalism, as it produced tremendous wealth as well as poverty and misery. (Bourgeoisie and proletariat.)

Communism Marx

Final stage of Economic development. A political and economic system in which major productive resources in a society like factories, and farms, are owned by the public or the state, and class distinctions fade.

Sultan Mahmud II

Ruled the ottoman Empire from 1808-1835. He dissolved the janissaries, and took power away from military officials. He stopped them from being able to collect taxes, and instead taxes went straight to the central government, and were used to pay military officials, ensuring their loyalty.

Ottoman Tanzimat Reforms

Means Reorganization. These were Reforms after Sultan Mahmud the II. Sultans worked to root out corruption, and the education system became secular. There were also a series of codes that made it easier for foreigners to do business.

Chinas Hundred Days of Reform

Abolition of the civil service exam, the elimination of corruption, and the establishment of western medical, industrial, and commercial systems.

Emperor Guangxu

Chinese leader who met with a Chinese reform club, and facilitated Chinas Hundred Days of Reform.

Empress Cixi

Conservative who stopped Emperor Guangxu ´ s reign, and stopped the construction of the railroad in China. The most powerful political figure during Emperor Guangxu ´ s reign. She eventually recognized issues with the civil service exam.

Japan bushido

code of conduct no longer officially condoned by the government.

Japan genros

Samurais who turned into elder statesmen, as there was no exercising of authority.

Meji Restoration 1868

The Japanese overthrew the shogun, and restored power to the Emperor. Feudalism was abolished, a constitutional monarchy was established, improved schooling, new railroads.

Stock Market

The system in which people can buy partial ownership of a company as a low risk investor.

Muhammad Ali

Albanian Ottoman officer who rose to power and became the governor of Egypt. He began reforms in Egypt, somewhat against the Sultans wishes, and modeled the country's military after Europe. He built schools, educated military officers in France, and started the first newspaper in the Islamic world.

Commodore Matthew Perry

Led a naval fleet into Yedo and Tokyo bay asking for trade privileges. At first Japan refused, then he returned with more ships and demanded Japan trade with the U.S.

Mass Production

Made goods cheaper, more abundant, and more easily accessible.

Tenement

Workers were crowded into these buildings owned by the factory owners in slums.

White Collar

Literate office workers and the middle class.

Working Class

Lowest in the social hierarchy, people who worked in factories and coal mines.

Factory System

Caused by Arkwrights development of the water wheel. This system replaced the cottage industry, as textile production moved to factories. The mechanization of production made it more effective than single person labor.