PH Politico-Administrative Institutions, Behavior, Political Orientations, and Media Literacy

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering Philippine politico-administrative institutions, theories of public administration and bureaucracy, political behavior and socialization, intersectionality, public opinion, media literacy, and Jose Rizal's political and educational philosophies.

Political Institutions (Britannica)

Formal rules, informal norms, or shared understandings generated and enforced by both state and nonstate actors that constrain and prescribe political actors' interactions with one another across the three branches of government.

Types of Political Organization

The four main structural arrangements formed to create rules, maintain order, and ensure justice in society: Band, Tribe, Chiefdom, and State/Nation.

Rational-Legal Model (Max Weber)

A model of bureaucracy in which authority is derived from established laws and rules rather than from individual leaders or traditional customs.

Zweckrationell

A form of rationality identified in Max Weber's Rational-Legal framework representing goal-oriented or instrumental rationality.

Wertrationell

A form of rationality identified in Max Weber's Rational-Legal framework representing value-oriented rationality.

Official Actors

Political actors who possess an authorized role in the policymaking process, consisting of elected officials, political appointees, and career employees.

Unofficial Actors

Political actors who operate outside of the government structure to influence government decisions, including political parties, advocacy groups, individual lobbyists, think tanks, and media.

Woodrow Wilson's Politico-Administration Dichotomy (1887)

The perspective presented in 'The Study of Administration' asserting that 'Administration lies outside the proper sphere of politics'.

Frank Goodnow's Conceptualization (1900)

The view defining politics as the expression of the state's will, and administration as the execution of that will.

Paul Appleby's Rejection (1949)

The rejection of the traditional politics-administration dichotomy, summarized by the assertion that 'Administration is politics'.

Motivated Reasoning (Williams)

A phenomenon where people 'arrive at conclusions that they want to arrive at when accessing, constructing, and evaluating beliefs.'

Preference vs. Identity (Williams)

In motivated reasoning, preference refers to what people desire to be true, whereas identity refers to what defines people and their important groups.

Soldier Mindset

An archetypal way of thinking similar to defensive combat where individuals seek evidence to defend their position, treat changing their mind as surrendering, view being wrong as being defeated, and make sub-optimal decisions with continued self-deception.

Scout Mindset

An archetypal way of thinking similar to map-making where individuals seek evidence in pursuit of accuracy, view being wrong as a chance to correct the map, and are motivated by understanding issues and finding good solutions.

New Public Management (NPM)

The application of private sector principles and techniques to public sector governance, emphasizing customer service, performance management, decentralization, competition, and digitalization.

Principles of Reinvention (Osborne and Gaebler)

Ten public sector governance principles: Catalytic, Community-owned, Competitive, Mission-driven, Results-oriented, Customer-driven, Enterprising, Anticipatory, Decentralized, and Market-oriented.

Political Orientation

The ideological stance, values, beliefs, and political worldview of a person or a group of people, best illustrated on a political spectrum.

Political Spectrum (Nolan, 1969)

A political spectrum chart plotting Personal Freedom against Economic Freedom, defining categories such as Progressive, Classical Liberal, Populist, Conservative, Totalitarian, and Anarchist.

Political Spectrum (Heywood, 2017)

A linear political spectrum spanning from Left to Right: Communism, Socialism, Liberalism, Conservatism, and Fascism.

Political Socialization

The developments and processes by which individuals acquire political orientations, patterns of behavior, and acquaintance with political systems to become well-functioning members of a political society.

Intersectionality (Kimberlé Crenshaw)

A lens through which you can see where power comes and collides, locks, and intersects, acknowledging that everyone has their own unique experiences of discrimination and privilege across dimensions like race, ethnicity, gender identity, class, language, religion, ability, sexuality, mental health, age, education, and body size.

Public Opinion

The interplay of factors resulting in the collective preferences and attitudes of citizens concerning political issues, policies, leaders, and events.

Media Literacy (US NAMLE)

The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, create, and act using all forms of communication to help individuals develop habits of inquiry and critical thinking skills.

Media and Information Literacy (UNESCO)

A concept proposed in 2007 focusing on different and intersecting transversal competencies to transform people's interaction with information and learning environments online and offline.

Five Laws of Media and Information Literacy (MIL)

Five principles formulated by Alton Grizzle and Jagtar Singh for UNESCO emphasizing critical civic engagement, content creation as a human right, non-neutrality of information, the desire to communicate, and MIL as a dynamic, lived experience.

Misinformation

False or inaccurate information, usually not created or shared with harmful intent (e.g., sharing a news story with inaccurate statistics or out-of-date information).

Disinformation

False or inaccurate information deliberately created and shared to cause harm (e.g., making up a quote from a public figure).

Malinformation

True or accurate information (based in reality) shared or manipulated with the intent to cause harm (e.g., sharing private data, statistics, or images publicly).

Rizal's Educational Philosophy

The view that education elevates the country to the highest seat of glory, serves as the foundation of society, and is a prerequisite for social progress and salvation from domination.

Rizal's Political Philosophy

A critique of Spanish colonial governance that condemned forced labor, exploitation, suppression of complaints, and policies that kept citizens ignorant and destitute, thereby discouraging national sentiment.