Narrative : Vocab terms
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24 Terms
Triple~decker Novel (three~volume novel or three~decker)
The novel published in three volumes
became a standard for producing and publishing English fiction in Britain during the 19th century.
it impacted the financial aspect of the novel as a form of literary expression but Also influenced also how authors shaped the aesthetics of fiction ~ in this way, the way they stylized the plots and characters of the novel into a persuasive narrative were radically shaped by the economics of printing, loaning and paying for books.
The Triple~decker first began to be seen in the early 19th century, and it persisted as a popular form of writing well into the 1890s.
Epistolary Novel
“a novel written in the form of a series of letters exchanged among the characters of the story, with extracts from their journals sometimes included.
A form of narrative often used in English and French novels of the 18th century, it has been revived only rarely since then, as in John Barth’s Letters (1979).
Important examples include Richardson's Pamela (1740~1) and Clarissa (1747~8), Rousseau's La Nouvelle Heloise (1761), and Laclos’s Les Liaisons dangereuses (1782).”
Sentimental Novel (or the Novel of Sentiment, or the Novel of Sensibility)
“An emotionally extravagant novel of a kind that became popular in Europe in the late 18th century.
Partly inspired by the emotional power of Samuel Richardson's Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740),
the sentimental novels of the 1760s and 1770s exhibit the close connections between virtue and sensibility, in repeatedly tearful scenes; a character's feeling for the beauties of nature and for the griefs of others is taken as a pure heart.
An excessively sentimental example is Henry Mackenzie's The Man of Feeling (1771), but Oliver Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakefield (1766) and Laurence Sterne's A Sentimental Journey (1768) are more ironic. In Europe, the most important sentimental were Rousseau's La Nouvelle Heloise (1761) and Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774). The fashion lingered on in the early Gothic novels of Ann Radcliffe in the 1790s.”
Picaresque novel
A genre of fiction, usually written in prose, that portrays the wayward adventures of a hero who is flawed but nonetheless appealing to the audience.
A rogue, so to speak ~ he is usually of low social standing, and part of the humor associated with his stories is watching him live by his wits across the whole range of society.
Menippean satire
A type of extended satire, usually in prose, structured like a novel. Sometimes critiques common mythological stories in a humorous way.
Embedded Narrative
Simply defined, a story within a story. When multiple embedded stories proliferate, sometimes called nested stories.
Frame narrative
The outer ‘shell’ story of a story that contains embedded narratives.
Milesian Tale
Classical genre. Usually a part of a collection of short stories, fables, or folktales involving adventure and the pursuit of erotic love. Sometimes humorous and deliberately vulgar. A precursor of the picaresque
Chivalric Romance
“The principal kind of romance found in medieval Europe from the 12th century onwards, describing (usually in verse) the adventures of legendary knights, and celebrating an idealized code of civilized behaviour that combines loyalty, honour, and courtly love.
The emphasis on heterosexual love and courtly manners distinguishes it from the chanson de geste and other kinds of epic, in which masculine military heroism predominates.
The most famous examples are the Arthurian romances recounting the adventures of Lancelot, Galahad, Gawain, and the other Round Table knights. These include the Lancelot (late 12th century) of Chrétien de Troyes, the anonymous Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (late 14th century), and Malory's prose romance Le Morte d’Arthur (1485).” ~
Formally speaking, Chivalric Romance might be characterized as an evolving form of narrative which moved stylistically from cyclic forms of poetry and verse writing to prose in the early modern period (beginning in the 13th century, and quite pervasive in prose by the advent of the Renaissance).
Its critical reputation and literary (as well as spiritual) value faced increasing skepticism as the early modern period dawned. At turns, it would become a genre worthy of satire (as in Cervantes’ Don Quixote [1605, 1615]) as well as nostalgic revival (as in Spenser’s Fairy Queen [1590, 1596])
Gothic fiction
A narrative genre in literature and film which combines fiction and horror, romance and death, stressing psychological struggle and emotional reactiveness amongst the central characters.
Important in the development of English Romanticism. Its first instantiation in the English novel is typically attributed to the author Horace Walpole (1717~1797) and his 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto
Free Indirect Discourse, or Free Indirect Speech
A way of narrating characters' thoughts or utterances that combines some of the features of third‐person report with some features of first‐person direct speech, allowing a flexible and sometimes ironic overlapping of internal and external Perspectives.
Free indirect style (a translation of French style indirecte libre) dispenses with tag‐phrases (‘she thought’, etc.), and adopts the idiom of the character's own thoughts, including indicators of time and place, as ‘She'd leave here tomorrow’, rather than ‘She decided to leave that place the next day’. The device was exploited by some 19th‐cent. novelists such as Austen and Flaubert, and has been widely adopted thereafter.
Dénouement
From the French meaning ‘unraveling.’
In a narrative or drama, the final resolution of the conflicts, mysteries, or misunderstandings in the plot; the tying up of loose ends, typically in a final scene or chapter, providing narrative, structural, and, many argue, ideological closure.
In contemporary works of high art, endings may be ambiguous and resolve nothing
Bildungsroman
The novel of formation, education, maturation, or culture.
As a so~called “coming~of~ age story,” it stresses the psychological, spiritual and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood.
Dramatic shifts in the path of the central character are important.
Earliest well~known use of the Bildungsroman dates from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s second novel, published in 1795~96. Its title is Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship (in German: Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre)
Pathetic Fallacy
The attribution of human feelings and responses to inanimate things or animals, especially in art and literature. The term was coined by John Ruskin in his critical work, Modern Painters (1856)
Plato’s republic- Plato, 379 BCE
- Plato, 379 BCE
Iliad, The Aeneid
Homer, late 8th to mid‑7th century BCE