AP US History Unit 2 Lecture Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the historical developments, regional differences, and colonial tensions within AP US History Unit 2 ($$1607$$-$$1754$$).

Jamestown

The first permanent British colony in North America, established in $1607$.

Encomienda system

A Spanish social and labor system designed to subjugate native populations into a mass of slave labor for wealth extraction.

Hacienda system

An agricultural labor system that replaced the Encomienda; unlike the Encomienda, the plantation owner owned the land, and laborers were tied to it through debt repayment.

Syncretism

The blending of different religious or cultural beliefs and practices, often seen when indigenous peoples adapted Christian beliefs into their traditional practices.

Pueblo Revolt

A $1680$ rebellion where indigenous people killed hundreds of Spaniards and destroyed churches in response to Spanish attempts to suppress traditional cultural traditions.

Spanish caste system

A social hierarchy in the Spanish colonies that ranked people based on their ancestry and the amount of white blood they had.

Beaver fur trade

The primary economic focus of the French in North America, facilitated by trade partnerships and intermarriage with indigenous groups.

New Amsterdam

A significant Dutch trading port and colony that attracted a diverse population and focused on economic motivations rather than religious conversion.

Primogeniture laws

English laws dictating that only the oldest son could inherit a family's land, motivating younger sons to seek land in the New World.

Puritans

A religious group that wanted to stay within the Church of England to purify it from the inside.

Separatists

Also known as Pilgrims, they believed the Church of England was beyond saving and that they must separate from it to establish a pure church.

Enclosure movement

A movement in Great Britain where wealthy landowners claimed public lands, leaving poor farmers with less land to graze livestock and motivating migration.

Mayflower Compact

A $1620$ agreement to form a simple government based on the will of the majority, established by the Pilgrims at Plymouth.

Subsistence farming

A form of agriculture where farmers only grow enough food to survive, commonly practiced in the New England colonies due to rocky soil and cold winters.

Middle Colonies

The region comprising New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania, characterized by diversity and an economy focused on the export of grain.

William Penn

A Quaker who established Pennsylvania as a refuge for religious dissenters, emphasizing religious tolerance and democratic governance.

House of Burgesses

The first representative government in the British colonies, established in the Virginia Colony for landowner men.

Barbados slave code

A set of laws that stripped all rights from Black workers and gave white planters complete power over them, later becoming a model for South Carolina.

Triangular trade

A system of transatlantic trade routes where New England rum was traded for enslaved Africans, who were then traded in the West Indies for sugar or molasses.

Middle Passage

The part of the triangular trade route where enslaved Africans were shipped across the Atlantic to the Americas under brutal conditions.

Mercantilism

A state-driven economic ideology focused on maintaining a favorable balance of trade by maximizing exports and minimizing imports.

Navigation Acts

Laws passed by the British Parliament that required colonists to trade exclusively with England and use British ships for certain goods.

Salutary Neglect

A period when Britain did not strictly enforce the Navigation Acts, allowing American colonies to develop their own economic and political habits.

Stono Rebellion

A $1739$ slave revolt in South Carolina where a group of enslaved people killed white settlers and burned property, leading to stricter slave codes.

Great Awakening

A mass religious movement in the $1730 ext{s}$ that emphasized emotional and personal individual experiences with religion, led by figures like Jonathan Edwards.

Natural Rights

An Enlightenment concept popularized by John Locke suggesting that all individuals possess inherent rights that cannot be taken away by a government.

Anglicization

The process by which American colonial culture and government structures gradually became more similar to those of Great Britain.

Impressment

The practice of forcing American colonists to serve in the British Royal Navy against their will, leading to significant colonial resentment.