D582 Statistics — Listen, Pause, Recall

Vocabulary flashcards covering variables, graph types, sampling methods, normal distribution rules, confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, t-tests, ANOVA, regression, and chi-square tests.

Nominal

Variables consisting of names and labels.

Ordinal

Variables consisting of ordered categories.

Discrete

Variables that represent counts.

Continuous

Variables that represent measurements.

Interval

Variables characterized by equal intervals without a true zero.

Ratio

Variables characterized by equal intervals with a true zero.

Bar chart

A graph used to compare categories.

Histogram

A graph of numerical data grouped into intervals.

Box plot

A graph displaying quartiles, median, and outliers.

Scatterplot

A graph displaying the relationship between two numerical variables.

Frequency polygon

A graph used to compare relative frequencies across groups.

Normal distribution

A bell-shaped and symmetric distribution where one standard deviation covers $68\text{ percent}$, two standard deviations cover $95\text{ percent}$, and three standard deviations cover $99.7\text{ percent}$.

Positively skewed

A distribution with a tail extending to the right.

Negatively skewed

A distribution with a tail extending to the left.

Bimodal

A distribution that displays two peaks.

Systematic sampling

A sampling method that selects every hundredth person.

Cluster sampling

A sampling method that selects randomly selected whole groups.

Convenience sampling

A sampling method that selects easy-to-reach people.

Confidence interval

An interval estimate of a population parameter; it becomes narrower when sample size increases and wider when confidence increases.

Independent two-sample t-test

A hypothesis test used for two independent groups and a numerical outcome.

Right-tailed test

A test whose alternative hypothesis states greater than.

Left-tailed test

A test whose alternative hypothesis states less than.

Two-tailed test

A test whose alternative hypothesis states not equal.

ANOVA

Analysis of variance; a statistical test used to compare three or more means.

Significant ANOVA

A result indicating that at least one population mean differs, although it alone does not identify which pairs differ.

Slope

The predicted change in $y$ for each one-unit increase in $x$.

Chi-square goodness-of-fit

A test comparing one categorical variable versus expected counts, with degrees of freedom equal to the number of categories minus one.

Chi-square test of homogeneity

A test used to compare distributions among populations.

Chi-square test of independence

A test used to assess the association between two categorical variables.