General Chemistry: Gas Laws, Equilibrium, Ksp, and Acid–Base Chemistry

What is the ideal gas law equation?

PV = nRT

What does 'P' represent in the ideal gas law?

Pressure of the gas

What does 'V' represent in the ideal gas law?

Volume of the gas

What does 'n' represent in the ideal gas law?

Number of moles of the gas

What does 'R' represent in the ideal gas law?

Ideal gas constant

What does 'T' represent in the ideal gas law?

Temperature in Kelvin

What is the value of the ideal gas constant (R) in L·atm/(mol·K)?

0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K)

What is partial pressure?

The pressure exerted by a single gas in a mixture of gases.

What is Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures?

The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas.

What is the formula for calculating the mole fraction of a gas?

X = n_i / n_total, where n_i is the number of moles of the gas and n_total is the total number of moles.

What is the equilibrium constant (K)?

A ratio of the concentrations of products to reactants at equilibrium, raised to the power of their coefficients.

What does it mean if K > 1?

The products are favored at equilibrium.

What does it mean if K < 1?

The reactants are favored at equilibrium.

What is Le Chatelier's Principle?

If a system at equilibrium is disturbed, it will shift in a direction that counteracts the disturbance.

How does increasing temperature affect an exothermic reaction at equilibrium?

It shifts the equilibrium to the left, favoring the reactants.

What happens to equilibrium when the volume of a gas mixture is reduced?

It shifts towards the side with fewer moles of gas.

What is the reaction quotient (Q)?

A measure of the relative amounts of products and reactants present during a reaction at a given time.

What does it indicate if Q < K?

The reaction will proceed to the right, favoring products.

What does it indicate if Q > K?

The reaction will proceed to the left, favoring reactants.

What is the significance of the equilibrium constant (K) for gaseous reactions?

It only includes concentrations of gases and excludes solids and liquids.

What is the formula for calculating Kp?

Kp = Kc(RT)^(Δn), where Δn is the change in moles of gas.

What is the effect of adding an inert gas to a reaction at equilibrium?

It does not affect the position of equilibrium.

What is the relationship between Kc and Kp?

Kp = Kc when the reaction involves gases.

What is the formula for calculating the solubility product constant (Ksp)?

Ksp = [products] raised to their coefficients.

What does a high Ksp value indicate?

It indicates high solubility of the compound in solution.

What is the formula for Ksp?

Ksp = [Pb^2+][I^-]^2 for lead(II) iodide (PbI2).

What does Ksp represent?

Ksp is the solubility product constant, indicating the extent to which a compound can dissolve in solution.

How do you calculate the solubility of PbI2 in a 0.1 M NaI solution?

Use the common ion effect; the solubility will decrease due to the presence of I^- ions.

What is the net ionic equation for the precipitation of PbSO4?

Pb^2+ (aq) + SO4^2- (aq) → PbSO4 (s).

What is the pH of a neutral solution?

The pH of a neutral solution is 7.

What is the relationship between pH and pOH?

pH + pOH = 14.

What defines a strong acid?

A strong acid completely dissociates in solution, producing H+ ions.

How do you calculate pH from H+ concentration?

pH = -log[H+].

What is the dissociation reaction for a weak acid HA?

HA + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + A-.

What is Ka?

Ka is the acid dissociation constant, measuring the strength of an acid in solution.

What is the formula for calculating pKa?

pKa = -log(Ka).

What is the formula for calculating the concentration of OH- in a basic solution?

[OH-] = 10^(-pOH).

What is a polyprotic acid?

A polyprotic acid can donate more than one proton (H+) per molecule.

What is the significance of the common ion effect?

The common ion effect decreases the solubility of a salt when a common ion is added.

What is the relationship between Ksp and solubility?

Higher Ksp values indicate greater solubility of the compound.

What is the formula for calculating the concentration of a weak base?

For a weak base B, Kb = [HB+][OH-]/[B].

What happens to the pH of a solution when a strong acid is added?

The pH decreases as the concentration of H+ ions increases.

How do you determine the strength of an acid based on its structure?

Acid strength can be influenced by bond strength, electronegativity, and the number of oxygen atoms attached.

What is the formula for calculating pH of a strong base solution?

pH = 14 - pOH, where pOH = -log[OH-].

What is the significance of the equilibrium constant (K) in acid-base reactions?

K indicates the extent to which reactants are converted to products at equilibrium.

What is the effect of dilution on the pH of a strong acid?

Dilution of a strong acid increases pH (decreases acidity) as the concentration of H+ ions decreases.