AP Gov.-Unit 3 Study Guide

Federalism

A system where power is divided between a central government and smaller political units, like states.

Bill of Rights

A set of amendments that protect individual rights and liberties in the U.S. Constitution.

Connecticut Compromise

A compromise that established a bicameral legislature, balancing representation between large and small states.

10th Amendment

Reserves powers not delegated to the federal government for the states, reinforcing the principle of federalism.

Devolution

The transfer of power from the federal government back to the states, promoting localized control over policy decisions.

Fiscal Federalism

The financial relationship between federal and state governments, influencing state policies through funding.

Grants-in-aid

Federal funds provided to states for specific purposes, helping to shape state policies.

Categorical Grants

Federal funds allocated for specific purposes with strict guidelines on their use.

Block Grants

Flexible federal funds for broad purposes, allowing states discretion in spending.

Mandate

Federal requirements that states must follow, sometimes without accompanying funding.

Access Points

Locations where stakeholders can influence government decisions at various levels.

Interest Groups

Organizations that advocate for specific policy goals and influence legislation through lobbying.

Commerce Clause

Grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, expanding federal authority.

Necessary and Proper Clause

Allows Congress to pass laws needed to carry out its constitutional powers, leading to implied powers.

McCulloch v

A Supreme Court case that established federal supremacy over states and upheld implied powers.

U.S

A Supreme Court case that limited Congress's power under the Commerce Clause regarding gun-free school zones.

Centralist

An advocate for a strong national government.

Decentralist

An advocate for stronger state authority.

Expressed Powers

Powers explicitly listed in the Constitution for the federal government.

Enumerated Powers

Specific powers granted to Congress under Article I, Section 8, such as taxation and defense.

Implied Powers

Powers not explicitly stated but inferred from the Necessary and Proper Clause.

Inherent Powers

Powers naturally belonging to any sovereign government, such as controlling borders.

Revenue Sharing Grants

Federal funds distributed to states with minimal restrictions, phased out in the 1980s.