PSY

Learning

A lasting change in behavior resulting from experience.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process where stimuli can trigger responses, allowing predictions of events.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A stimulus that acquires meaning through training.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that has meaning without needing training.

Conditioned Response (CR)

The response to a conditioned stimulus that is acquired through training.

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

The natural response to an unconditioned stimulus without training.

Higher-order conditioning

A process where a conditioned stimulus is paired with additional stimuli to evoke responses.

Aversive Stimuli

Strong stimuli that can lead to the development of phobias through conditioning.

Extinction

The process where the conditioned response declines after stopping the pairing of the UCS with the CS.

Reinstatement

A return of a conditioned response following a single re-pairing of the UCS and CS.

Spontaneous Recovery

An increase in the conditioned response after a period of time following extinction.

Operant Conditioning

A learning principle where behavior is controlled by consequences, producing stimulus-response associations.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Positive Punishment

Adding an aversive stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Negative Punishment

Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Token Economies

A system where tokens are exchanged for goods and services based on good behavior.

Observational Learning

Learning that occurs through witnessing the behaviors of others.

Latent Learning

Knowledge that is not immediately expressed due to a lack of incentive.

Sensory Memory

The initial stage of memory that holds a large amount of information for a very short duration.

Short-Term Memory (STM)

A type of memory that holds a limited amount of information for a short period.

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

A type of memory that stores information for extended periods.

Declarative Memory

Memory that can be verbally expressed, including episodic and semantic memory.

Nondeclarative Memory

Memory that involves skills and actions, often acquired through practice.

Memory Reconsolidation

The process by which memories become less stable and more susceptible to change.

Emotion

A coordinated state involving psychological, physical, and emotional responses.

James-Lange Theory

Theory suggesting that emotion is the result of physiological arousal.

Cannon-Bard Theory

The theory that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

Theory that emotion arises from physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation.

Drive Reduction Theory

The theory that motivation comes from the desire to reduce drives or needs.

Five Factor Model of Personality (FFM)

A model that includes five key traits: openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.