Chapter 6: Inquiry into life Flashcards | Quizlet

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

What does the second law of thermodynamics state?

When energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat).

What is entropy?

The relative state of disorganization.

What is potential energy?

Stored energy.

What is kinetic energy?

Energy in motion.

What is free energy?

The amount of energy to do work after a reaction has occurred.

What is an endergonic reaction?

A chemical reaction that requires the input of energy in order to proceed.

What is an exergonic reaction?

Chemical reaction that releases some form of energy, such as light or heat.

What is a coupled reaction?

A pair of reactions, one exergonic and one endergonic, that are linked together such that the energy produced by the exergonic reaction provides the energy needed to drive the endergonic reaction.

What is metabolized in mitochondria to get energy?

Carbohydrates.

What is the energy currency of cells?

ATP.

What molecule acts as the carrier between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

ATP.

What is an active site?

The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.

What is energy of activation?

The energy that an atomic system must acquire before a process (such as an emission or reaction) can occur.

What is reduction?

Any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen).

What is oxidation?

The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.

What are reactants?

The substances that participate in chemical reactions.

What are products?

Substances that are formed in a chemical reaction.

What are substrates?

Reactants in an enzymatic reaction.

How does enzyme concentration affect a chemical reaction?

More enzyme can combine with more available substrate.

How does substrate concentration affect a chemical reaction?

Add more substrate to increase reaction.

What is the effect of increasing temperature on an enzymatic reaction?

Increase temperature to make enzymes collide more and increase speed of reaction.

How does pH affect enzymatic reactions?

Each enzyme has an optimal pH to speed up reactions.

What kind of molecules are enzymes?

Protein.

According to the second law of thermodynamics, what is useful energy always degraded into when changed from one form to another?

Lower quality energy (usually heat).