COMPOSITES (Materials 2)

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12 Terms

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Composite

made of 2 or more materials

  • matrix (softer/more ductile)

  • reinforcement (harder/more brittle)


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Matrix

surrounds and holds reinforcement together

  • protects it

  • transfers the load/ spreads the force applied


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Reinforcement

carries most of the load

  • prevents material from breaking

  • can be in particles or fibers

  • can be aligned or random


<p>carries most of the load</p><ul><li><p>prevents material from breaking</p></li><li><p>can be in particles or fibers</p></li><li><p>can be aligned or random</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Properties of composites depend on

  • properties of materials

  • volume percentage of materials

  • geometry/spatial distribution of materials

    • particle/fiber, random/aligned, continuous/discontinuous


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Modulus Prediction

estimates how stiff a composite material will be based on materials used and how much of it is present

Ec = EmVm + ErVr

  • Ec= stiffness of composite

  • Em= stiffness of matrix

  • Er= stiffness of reinforcement

  • Vm= fraction of matrix

  • Vr= fraction of reinforcement

(composite is usually stiffer if has more stiffer reinforcement material)


<p>estimates how stiff a composite material will be based on materials used and how much of it is present</p><p>Ec = EmVm + ErVr</p><ul><li><p>Ec= stiffness of composite</p></li><li><p>Em= stiffness of matrix</p></li><li><p>Er= stiffness of reinforcement</p></li><li><p>Vm= fraction of matrix</p></li><li><p>Vr= fraction of reinforcement</p></li></ul><p>(composite is usually stiffer if has more stiffer reinforcement material)</p><p></p>
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<p>Rubber Bridge Bearings</p>

Rubber Bridge Bearings

bearing must resist:

  • compressive forces from weight of bridge

  • shear forces as bridge shortens/lengthens due to thermal expansion/contraction

    • matrix = rubber

    • reinforcement = steel plates


<p>bearing must resist:</p><ul><li><p>compressive forces from weight of bridge</p></li><li><p>shear forces as bridge shortens/lengthens due to thermal expansion/contraction</p><ul><li><p>matrix = rubber</p></li><li><p>reinforcement = steel plates</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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Base Isolation Bearings

reduce shaking of buildings during earthquake

<p>reduce shaking of buildings during earthquake</p>
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<p>Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP)</p>

Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP)

  • wrap damaged structural elements

  • wrap structural elements in seismic regions

  • substitutes for steel-reinforcing bar in concrete

(fibers stronger than steel, more brittle)

(between fiber and matrix)

<ul><li><p>wrap damaged structural elements</p></li><li><p>wrap structural elements in seismic regions</p></li><li><p>substitutes for steel-reinforcing bar in concrete</p></li></ul><p>(fibers stronger than steel, more brittle)</p><p>(between fiber and matrix)</p>
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<p>Dry fabrics</p>

Dry fabrics

flexible/easy to install and fit the geometry of members

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Basic Use- Flexural Strengthening

attaching strong carbon-fiber sheets to the bottom of a beam to help it resist bending

  • fiber’s orientation is parallel to beam


<p>attaching strong carbon-fiber sheets to the bottom of a beam to help it resist bending</p><ul><li><p>fiber’s orientation is parallel to beam</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Basic Use- Confinement

wrapping a column with strong fiber material to stop it from expanding outward when squeezed

  • stronger under compression

  • fiber’s orientation horizontally around column


<p>wrapping a column with strong fiber material to stop it from expanding outward when squeezed</p><ul><li><p>stronger under compression</p></li><li><p>fiber’s orientation horizontally around column</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Structural Repair?

Restoring spalled, cracked, or fire-damaged structural members via epoxy injection, mortar patch repair, and external FRP jackets.