ch 5 inter personal communications

• Perception:

• The process of selecting, organizing, interpreting, and negotiating information to make sense of the world.

• Selection:

• The first step of perception; choosing which environmental stimuli receive our attention.

Contrast or Change

A noticeable shift from normal or unchanging conditions that captures attention.

Organization

arranging selected information into meaningful patterns and frameworks to understand it.

Perceptual Schema

Cognitive mental frameworks used to classify and organize information about people and situations.

• Physical Schema:

• Classifying others based on appearance (e.g., age, attractiveness, physique).

Role-Based Schema

Classifying others by social or occupational positions (e.g., student, doctor, parent).

Interaction-Based Schema:

Classifying others by interpersonal behaviors (e.g., friendly, aloof, sarcastic).

Psychological Schema

Classifying others by internal traits or personality states (e.g., confident, insecure, cheerful).

Punctuation:

• The process of determining causes and effects within a series of communication interactions.

Standpoint Theory

• The principle that a person's social position, power, and privilege shape their perspective and experience of the world.

Perceptual Downgrading

• The tendency of individuals in romantic relationships to view potential alternative partners as less attractive.

Individualistic Culture

A culture prioritizing personal independence, autonomy, and individual goals.

Collectivistic Culture

A culture prioritizing group harmony, interdependence, and cooperation.

Decategorization

• Treating each person as a unique individual rather than merely as a member of a social category.

Halo Effect

Assuming a person possesses many positive characteristics based on one favorable trait.

Horns Effect

Allowing a single negative characteristic to create an overall unfavorable impression

Salience

The tendency to focus primarily on the most noticeable or dramatic feature of a situation.

Assumed Similarity

Assuming that other people hold the same beliefs, feelings, and reactions that we do.