Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

A major transformation in production that begins in Britain.

Where does the Industrial Revolution begin?

Britain/England.

Agriculture Paves the Way

Agricultural changes helped prepare the way for industrialization.

Broadcast sowing

Throwing a handful of seeds across a field. Problems: many seeds do not get planted, the sun can scorch them, animals can eat them, and seeds that grow can be too close together and choke each other out.

Directing sowing

Dropping seeds one at a time. It works more precisely but is time- and labor-intensive.

Jethro Tull

Invented the seed drill.

Seed drill

A machine that plants seeds in evenly spaced rows.

Soil depletion

Plants remove nutrients from soil, reducing its fertility.

Crop rotation

Changing which plants are grown each year to help restore nutrients to the soil.

Waste and inefficiency in harvesting

The notes identify harvesting as a problem and connect it to enslaved labor and inefficient hand harvesting.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin.

Cotton gin

Separated cotton seeds from cotton fibers more efficiently than hand picking.

Effect of the cotton gin on slavery (according to the notes)

The notes say it increased slavery because the cotton gin increased the work associated with cotton production.

Triangle of Trade

The notes say this is in the binder; it is listed as material to know.

Why England had an abundance of workers

People needed jobs, and many jobs were overseas in the colonies.

England and colonies

The notes say many people had been farmers, while the colonies provided jobs and raw materials.

England and raw materials

Raw materials came from colonies, leaving England less focused on farming/raw-material production and with more time to invent.

Why some countries had less time to invent

The notes say some countries spent much of their time hunting and gathering.

England's natural resources

Water and coal to power machines; iron to construct machines; rivers to transport goods; ports to trade goods.

Inventions spur industrialization

New inventions helped accelerate industrialization.

Putting out system

Before factories, raw materials were taken to homes, where people—especially women in the notes—made goods such as shirts.

Problems with the putting out system

The notes mention possible stealing, procrastination/lack of time, and not having machines at home.

Spinning Jenny

A human-powered textile machine that fit in houses and increased the amount of textiles produced.

Transportation issues before improvements

People needed to live near their jobs; streets were filthy and cities overcrowded; horse and human waste covered the ground and mixed with mud when it rained.

Macadam

A paved road made with layers of gravel.

Turnpike

A road that people pay to use, like a toll road.

Why turnpike money mattered

The money went to the city to improve roads.

Trains and streetcars

Transportation improvements that also reduced some waste from horses.

Industrialization changes life

Industrialization transformed cities, work, transportation, and society.

Urbanization

The growth of cities.

Why factories were built near water

Factories were built near water sources, and people lived nearby, providing a workforce.

Why industrial cities had problems

Cities rose quickly and had no development plans.

Industrial-city buildings

Buildings could be crowded and not structurally sound.

Sanitary codes/problem

The notes connect sanitation problems to people throwing waste into streets.

Windows and bacteria

The notes say people did not know they needed windows and that windows helped prevent bacteria spread.

Industrial-city living conditions

New settlements/apartments could be dirty, smelly, and dark.

Building codes

The notes say there were no building codes, so many people could be placed in one building.

Fire codes

The notes say there were no fire codes, so people could be trapped without fire escapes.

Law enforcement in industrial cities

There was not enough adequate law enforcement; police could be too few or poorly trained.

Factory child labor

Orphans and children worked in factories.

Factory discipline

Children could be beaten for being late or failing to make enough products and could be paid less.

Children and broken machines

When machines broke down, children were sometimes used because they could fit into spaces adults could not.

Factory safety rules

The notes say there were essentially no safety rules such as required shoes or hard hats.

Factory hours

Workers could work more than 13-14 hours a day.

OSHA comparison

The notes contrast historic factory conditions with OSHA today, which checks whether workplaces follow safety rules.

Factory dangers

The notes list hair getting caught in gears, cotton fibers causing lung problems, drive belts, and explosions.

Orphan dorms

The notes say factories built dorms for orphans and could make them work 18 hours, leaving little personal time.

Positive effect: jobs

More jobs could make nations wealthier because more money was being made.

Industrialization was uneven

Some countries industrialized while others did not.

Technological progress

Industrialization led to more inventions and more things being built.

Standard of living

The notes say industrialization raised the standard of living.

More goods

More goods could make life easier and improve life expectancy.

Healthier diets

The notes say richer people could afford better food.

Better housing

People with more money could afford better housing.

More educated workers

Children could pursue higher education to understand machines and receive more training for better pay.

Long-term effect: consumer goods

Mass production makes consumer goods more affordable.

Long-term effect: tax revenue

Tax revenue goes to government, which can be used to build up and improve the country.

Rise of Global Inequality

The Cornell notes list this heading but say "n/a."

Laissez-faire

The idea that government should take its hands off the economy and allow the economy to be free and unregulated.

Laissez-faire theory

The notes present it as a theory: a free and unregulated economy will prosper/grow.

Problem with laissez-faire (according to the notes)

The notes say it can lead to monopolies, no price regulation, lower worker pay, and worker abuse.

Minimum wage and socialism (according to the notes)

The notes connect minimum wage with socialism and say it is necessary so people have enough to live.

U.S. economy (according to the notes)

The U.S. is described as a mixed economy.

Adam Smith

A major supporter of laissez-faire.

The Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith's book mentioned in the notes.

Adam Smith's three natural laws

Self-interest, competition, and supply and demand.

Self-interest

Doing what benefits you.

Competition

Competing in the economy; one of Adam Smith's three natural laws in the notes.

Supply and demand

One of Adam Smith's three natural laws in the notes.

High demand + low supply

Prices are high.

High supply + low demand

Prices are low.

Capitalism

An economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned.

Factors of production in capitalism

Land, labor, and capital are privately owned.

Thomas Malthus

Argued there were too many people and not enough food.

An Essay on the Principle of Population

Thomas Malthus's book named in the notes.

Malthus on population control

The notes say Malthus argued that wars and epidemics were necessary to regulate population.

Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Thomas Malthus

The notes say all three opposed government assistance/help with the economy.

Utilitarianism

The idea of seeking the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Jeremy Bentham

Associated with utilitarianism and the phrase/idea "greatest good for the greatest number."

Government and utilitarianism

The notes say the government has to be useful to achieve the greatest good.

John Stuart Mill

The notes say unchecked capitalism could be used to abuse workers.

Utopian ideas

Ideas aimed at creating a better/perfect society, including better working conditions and labor laws.

Utopia

A perfect society.

Socialism

An economic system in which the government intervenes and factors of production are publicly owned and operated for the welfare of all.

Goal of socialism in the notes

Government intervention can help end poverty and promote equality.

The Communist Manifesto

Karl Marx's work that presents a more radical version of socialism.

Karl Marx

Created the radical version of socialism described in the notes and wrote The Communist Manifesto.

Marxism: two groups

The notes describe society as split into two groups: the haves and the have-nots.

Haves and have-nots in the Cornell notes

The notes label the haves as the working/poor class and the have-nots/proletarian as the rich. Keep this wording as written in the Cornell notes.

Marx's class conflict

The notes say the haves must overthrow the have-nots.

Marx on capitalism

The notes say capitalism will die because it is unfair and because a small number of manufacturers/factory owners can control wealth.

Workers' revolt in Marx's theory

Workers would revolt and seize factories.

Economic equality in Marx's theory

Seizing factories would create economic equality and make things equal for everyone.

State government in Marx's theory

The notes say there would eventually be no need for state government.

Classless society in Marx's theory

The notes describe a future without rich-versus-poor classes.

Communism and property

The notes say communism means all property is owned by the people, with no private property and goods/services shared equally.

Cornell notes' statement about the outcome

The notes say uprisings would occur but ultimately countries would not become communist and would instead have dictatorships. This is the Cornell notes' stated claim.

Unions

People working together/reforming for better working conditions and higher pay.

Strikes

Workers went on strike as part of union efforts.

Employer response to workers (according to the notes)

Employers could fire everyone and replace them with a new set of workers; the notes say modern laws and costs make this harder.