pharm exam 1

The phenomenon that occurs upon taking additional doses of acetaminophen for pain when a 100 percent response has been attained is called the _____

ceiling effect

Today, new drugs are mainly derived from:

chemical synthesis

A nurse is using the United States Pharmacopeia Dispensing Information (USP DI) to look up information about a new medication prescribed to a client. Which section of the USP DI should the nurse consult to find detailed information about the drug’s therapeutic uses and potential side effects?

Volume I: Drug Information for the Health Care Professional

William is narcoleptic and his physician prescribes amphetamines to treat his medical condition. After a few months of treatment, William’s medical condition improves and the physician reduces the required dosage of amphetamines. However, the reduced dosage produces unpleasant feelings associated with withdrawal symptoms. William doubles the dosage to counter what he perceives as drug tolerance without consulting his physician and begins consuming more than the recommended dosage regularly. This scenario exemplifies _____.

drug addiction

Select the basic principle in passive transport by which most drug molecules diffuse through cell membranes.

Drug passes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Select the most likely reason why a patient who has been diagnosed with end-stage renal disease must have routine blood work drawn to check his plasma levels of a prescribed drug.

Due to the renal disease, the patient will be unable to effectively eliminate the drug, causing accumulation of the drug in the plasma.

Dr. Hampton administers the same dose of a certain water-soluble drug to two of his patients, Nathaniel, who is 65 years of age, and Mark, who is 25 years of age. Which of the following is most likely going to happen?

Nathaniel will experience a more intense pharmacological drug effect than Mark will experience.

Which of the following changes in aging people tends to slow down the rate of drug absorption and the onset of drug action?

A decrease in the amount of gastric acid secreted

In comparison to the members of other age groups, members of the geriatric population are:

more likely to experience the adverse effects of a drug.

Select the volume required to dispense 500 mg of vancomycin in 500 ml of D5W (5% dextrose in water). The IV is to be administered over 2 hours. Five grams of vancomycin is mixed in enough water to make 100 ml of final solution (W/V).

10 ml

Carry out the necessary calculations in order to administer the required number of tablets to a patient with an order for 60 mg of a drug that is available in 30-mg tablets. How many tablets should you administer?

2 tablets

Select the volume that you will need to add to a 100-ml IV bag in order to administer 100 mg of ampicillin intravenously to the patient. The ampicillin is supplied as 1 gram in powder form for injection, which will be mixed in enough water to make 10 ml of final solution (W/V).

1 ml

A high rate of sympathetic nerve firing is most likely to result in _____.

vasoconstriction

How do muscarinic receptors differ from nicotinic receptors?

Muscarinic receptors are located on the cell membranes of the visceral organs and glands, whereas nicotinic receptors are located on the cell membranes of skeletal muscles and at the ganglia of nerves.

Identify a difference between visceral nerves and somatic nerves.

The visceral nerves are not under voluntary control, whereas the somatic nerves are under voluntary control.

Use the low-dose range of 0.5–2 mcg/kg/min to determine the appropriate dose range of dopamine that would result in vasodilation and increased renal blood flow for a patient who weighs 132 pounds.

1.8–7.2 mg/hr

Select the primary clinical use of the alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs alfuzosin, tamsulosin, terazosin, and doxazosin.

Treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Identify the type of muscles that are affected by norepinephrine.

Smooth and cardiac muscle

A client with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is experiencing difficulty urinating. Which medication would the nurse anticipate being prescribed to improve urinary flow?

Tamsulosin (Flomax)

A nurse is educating a novice nurse about the different types of cholinergic receptors and their locations. Which statement by the novice nurse indicates a correct understanding of the nicotinic-neural (Nn) receptors?

“Nicotinic-neural receptors are located on the ganglia of both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.”

Which of the following is a desirable property that would need to be enhanced while developing a new direct-acting cholinergic drug?

Longer duration of action

Angelo, a chain smoker, is prescribed 4-mg pieces of nicotine gum with a limit of 14 pieces per day to help him deal with the effects of nicotine withdrawal. What is the maximum dosage of nicotine that can be administered in a day?

56 mg/day

Identify a consequence of sympathetic stimulation by the use of nicotine products.

Heart rate will increase.

How does mecamylamine differ from other ganglionic blockers such as trimethaphan?

Unlike other ganglionic blockers, mecamylamine is almost completely absorbed after oral administration.

Which muscle relaxant would be used in the treatment of a patient with a spinal cord injury?

Baclofen

Which of the following spasmolytics is primarily used as a tranquilizer?

Diazepam

 client with a spinal cord injury is being treated with tizanidine for muscle spasticity. Which potential side effect should the nurse monitor for in this client?

orthostatic hypotension

Which of the following is an advantage of using cocaine in surgical procedures?

It decrease operative bleeding.

What is the effect of local anesthetics on the heart?

Local anesthetics depress the function of the cardiac conduction system.

Identify the type of impulse that sensory nerves carry to the brain.

Heat and cold, touch, pain